MMWR Weekly - November 22, 2002 / 51(46);1051-1052
On November 7, 2002, the Food and Drug Administration announced approval of the OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test (OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) for use by trained personnel as a point-of-care test to aid in the diagnosis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
MMWR Weekly - November 15, 2002 / 51(45);1013-1016
Since 1994, the availability of increasingly effective antiretroviral drugs for both the prevention of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and maternal treatment has resulted in a greater emphasis on prenatal HIV testing and substantial increases in prenatal testing rates. In 2000, preliminary data indicated that 766 (93%) of 824 HIV-infected women in 25 states knew their HIV status before delivery (CDC, unpublished data, 2002).
Reports of fatal and severe liver injury associated with treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with the drug combination rifampin and pyrazinamide (RZ) prompted CDC to issue revised guidelines for the use of this regimen on August 31, 2001 (1). To determine if these revised guidelines were effective in reducing morbidity and mortality, CDC has continued to collect reports on adverse effects associated with this regimen. This update summarizes the results of this ongoing investigation.
In October 1999, CDC, in collaboration with other federal partners, initiated the National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis in the United States. Syphilis elimination is defined as the absence of sustained transmission (i.e., no transmission after 90 days of the report of an imported index case).
MMWR Recommendations and Reports - November 22, 2002 / 51(RR18);1-38
In February 1994, the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) Protocol 076 demonstrated that a three-part--regimen of zidovudine (ZDV) could reduce the risk for mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)--transmission by nearly 70%.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports - October 18, 2002 / 51(RR15);1-27
Since publication of CDC's 1993 guidelines (CDC. Recommendations for the prevention and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 1993. MMWR 1993;42[No. RR-12]:1--39), nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have been introduced as critical new tools to diagnose and treat C. trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. NAATs for C. trachomatis are substantially more sensitive than previous tests.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports - October 18, 2002 / 51(RR15);28-30
Readers are cautioned to refer to the manufacturers' test kit inserts for specific details. Information in this appendix represents general conditions for comparative purposes.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports - October 18, 2002 / 51(RR15);31-33
Readers are cautioned to refer to the manufacturers' test kit inserts for specific details. Information in this appendix represents general conditions for comparative purposes.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports - October 18, 2002 / 51(RR15);34
When a test is a candidate to replace an established test, the sensitivities and specificities of the candidate and established tests should be compared. Recommendations for the conduct of test evaluation studies have been reviewed elsewhere (C-1--C-4).
MMWR Recommendations and Reports - October 18, 2002 / 51(RR15);35-36
Readers are cautioned to refer to the manufacturers' test kit inserts for specific details. Information in this appendix represents general conditions for comparative purposes.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports - October 18, 2002 / 51(RR15);37
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has published recommendations for screening certain groups of women for C. trachomatis infection (E-1). The following summarizes those recommendations:
After declining steadily for 10 years, the number of reported cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis more than doubled in New York City (NYC) from 117 in 2000 to 282 in 2001. The increases have occurred primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM).
Unprotected sexual intercourse places young persons at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and unintended pregnancy. Responsible sexual behavior among adolescents is one of the 10 leading health indicators of the national health objectives for 2010 (objective 25.11).
The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among young black men who have sex with men (BMSM) is among the highest of all risk groups in the United States. Two important strategies to reduce HIV transmission among young BMSM are to increase the proportion of men who are aware of their HIV infection and to increase the consistent use of condoms among sexually active men.
Since the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the United States in 1996, the number of persons diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the number of deaths among persons with AIDS have declined substantially (1); as a result, the number of persons living with AIDS has increased.
Before advances in therapy, public health surveillance of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) provided reliable population-based information that represented trends in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
The National Association of People with AIDS will sponsor the eighth annual National HIV Testing Day on June 27. Testing Day is a nationwide campaign promoting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) education and voluntary HIV counseling, testing, and referral to encourage persons at risk for HIV infection to know their status and to reduce their risks for HIV transmission.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, June 14, 2002 / 51(RR08);1-46
In 1995, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) developed guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections (OIs) among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); these guidelines were updated in 1997 and 1999. This fourth edition of the guidelines, made available on the Internet in 2001, is intended for clinicians and other health-care providers who care for HIV-infected persons.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, June 14, 2002 / 51(RR08);47-52
Patients should use a latex condom during every act of sexual intercourse to reduce the risk for acquiring cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus, as well as other sexually transmitted pathogens (AII). Condom use also will, theoretically, reduce the risk for acquiring human herpesvirus 8, as well as superinfection with a strain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that has become resistant to antiretroviral drugs (BIII) and will prevent transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens to others (AII).
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, June 14, 2002 / 51(23);501-502
Persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection are susceptible to disseminated mycobacterial infections. In the United States, most such infections are caused by Mycobacterium avium or M. intracellulare (i.e., M. avium complex [MAC]). In less developed countries, M. tuberculosis is equally or more prevalent than MAC in persons with HIV-1 infection.
The Public Health Service has become aware of a potential shortage of supplemental test kits used for confirmatory testing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in specimens obtained from either patients or blood and plasma donors. On April 17, 2002, Calypte Biomedical Corporation (Alameda, California) announced the company might stop manufacturing the Cambridge Biotech HIV-1 Western blot kit.
Most women in the United States with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) become infected through sexual transmission, and a woman's choice of contraception can affect her risk for HIV transmission during sexual contact with an infected partner. Most contraceptives do not protect against transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (1), and the use of some contraceptives containing nonoxynol-9 (N-9) might increase the risk for HIV sexual transmission.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, May 17, 2002 / 51(RR07);-1
The availability of an increasing number of antiretroviral agents and the rapid evolution of new information has introduced substantial complexity into treatment regimens for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1996, the Department of Health and Human Services and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation convened the Panel on Clinical Practices for the Treatment of HIV to develop guidelines for clinical management of HIV-Infected adults and adolescents (CDC. Report of the NIH Panel To Define Principles of Therapy of HIV Infection and Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR 1998;47[RR-5]:1--41). This report, which updates the 1998 guidelines.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, May 10, 2002 / 51(RR06);1-80
These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) after consultation with a group of professionals knowledgeable in the field of STDs who met in Atlanta on September 26--28, 2000. The information in this report updates the 1998 Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (MMWR 1998;47[No. RR-1]).
Rifamycin drugs (i.e., rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine) are essential for short-course chemotherapy in persons with active tuberculosis (TB). However, adverse drug-drug interactions complicate the concurrent use of rifamycins and protease inhibitor drugs in persons with active TB who also are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-TB).
In 1994, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) issued guidelines for maternal and neonatal zidovudine (ZDV) use to reduce perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. These guidelines recommend maternal ZDV use during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and during labor and delivery (L&D) and administration of ZDV to the neonate for the first 6 weeks of life.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, February 8, 2002 / 51(RR02);1-36
This report is a revision of General Recommendations on Immunization and updates the 1994 statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (CDC. General recommendations on immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 1994;43[No. RR-1]:1--38).
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