Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, December 22, 1995 / 44(50);929-33
Health-care workers (HCWs) are potentially at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through occupational exposures to blood. Although prospective studies indicate that the estimated risk for HIV infection after a percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood is approximately 0.3% (1,2), factors that influence this risk have not been determined. To assess potential risk factors, CDC, in collaboration with French and British public health authorities, conducted a retrospective case-control study using data reported to national surveillance systems in the United States, France, and the United Kingdom.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, November 24, 1995 / 44(46);849-853
As of October 31, 1995, a total of 501,310 persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported to CDC by state and territorial health departments; 311,381 (62%) had been reported as having died. The AIDS surveillance case definition was substantially expanded in late 1987 and again in 1993 to reflect increased knowledge of the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to remain consistent with the clinical management of HIV disease.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 20, 1995 / 44(41);767-9
As of June 1995, a total of 31,024 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported in the United States among male injecting-drug users (IDUs) who also reported sexual contact with other men. Although male IDUs who report male sex partners have accounted for 7% of all AIDS cases and for 21% of cases reported among IDUs, the characteristics and risk practices of male IDUs who have sex with men (MSM) have not been clearly determined.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, September 22, 1995 / 44(37);684-5, 691
As of December 1994, approximately one third (35.3%) of the 435,319 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reported among adults to CDC were associated with injecting-drug use. In addition, injection of illegal drugs is the risk behavior most frequently associated with heterosexual and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, September 08, 1995 / 44(RR-11);18-34
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. africanum) transmitted from an infectious source to susceptible persons primarily through the air (e.g., through coughing) (1). Most infected persons do not experience clinical illness, but are usually asymptomatic and noninfectious.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 18, 1995 / 44(32);603-606
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) both cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Following the licensure of combination HIV-1/HIV-2 screening enzyme immunoassays (EIA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that beginning in June 1992 all donated whole blood, blood components, and source plasma be screened for antibody to HIV-2 because not all persons infected with HIV-2 can be detected by HIV-1 testing.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, July 14, 1995 / 44(RR-8);1-34
This issue of MMWR Recommendations and Reports (Vol. 44, No. RR-8) is excerpted from the USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, to be published in a supplement to Clinical Infectious Diseases in August 1995. This report is included in the MMWR series of publications as a service to MMWR readers.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, July 07, 1995 / 44(RR-7);1-15
In February 1994, the National Institutes of Health announced interim results from a multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial (AIDS Clinical Trials Group {ACTG} protocol 076), indicating that administration of zidovudine (ZDV) to a selected group of pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to their newborns reduced the risk for perinatal HIV transmission by approximately two thirds.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, June 02, 1995 / 44(21);401-404
During 1994, local, state, and territorial health departments reported to CDC 34,974 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among men whose only reported HIV exposure was sexual contact with other men. Although previous reports indicated progressively smaller annual increases in cases of AIDS among men who have sex with men (MSM), male-to-male sexual contact continues to represent the most frequently reported mode of HIV transmission among persons with AIDS.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 02, 1995 / 44(21);404-405,411-412
Although never reported in the United States, previous reports of possible patient-to-patient transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with hemodialysis (1,2) indicate the potential for this problem and the importance of infection-control measures in dialysis centers. In May 1994, CDC received a report of a cluster of HIV seroconversions among patients undergoing treatment at a dialysis center in Colombia.
The following map Figure_1 provides information on the reported number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases per 100,000 population, by person's state of residence from January 1994 through December 1994. More detailed information on AIDS cases is provided in the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, single copies of which are available free from the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6003, Rockville, MD 20849-6003; telephone (800) 458-5231 or (301) 217-0023.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, April 28, 1995 / 44(RR-4);1-11
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common opportunistic infection in children who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the publication of guidelines for prophylaxis against PCP for children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1991 (1), ongoing AIDS surveillance has detected no substantial decrease in PCP incidence among HIV-infected infants.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 24, 1995 / 44(11);202-204
In April 1993, a man incarcerated in a prison in Berks County in eastern Pennsylvania voluntarily requested testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody and was diagnosed with HIV infection. Following an interview and counseling by Pennsylvania Department of Health HIV Prevention Program (HIVPP) staff (1), he provided contact information about four persons with whom he had shared syringes to inject drugs before incarceration.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 24, 1995 / 44(11);227-231
In 1985, the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was recognized as an influence on the increasing occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States (1). Programs to control and prevent TB require information characterizing the interaction between HIV infection and TB, particularly in locally defined populations. This report describes the overall occurrence of TB in Chicago (1990 population: 2,783,726) during 1982-1993 and characterizes the co-incidence of TB and HIV/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Chicago during 1989-1993.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 10, 1995 / 44(09);169-174
Counseling and testing (CT) are important components of state and local human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-prevention programs (1). Analysis of national data sources indicates that HIV-antibody tests are obtained from a variety of testing sites, including private physicians, hospitals, and outpatient clinics (66.7%), and publicly funded sites (33.1%) (2). This report uses data from CDC's 1993 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine variations in rates of use of private and public HIV CT sites by state.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 24, 1995 / 44(07);124,131-132
Since the early 1980s, adolescents in the United States have experienced high rates of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV infection. Since 1990, CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System has enabled measurement of priority health-risk behaviors among high school students at the national, state, and local levels. This report examines data from the 1990, 1991, and 1993 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) to describe trends in selected self-reported sexual risk behaviors among U.S. high school students.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 24, 1995 / 44(07);135
CDC is requesting public review and comment on the draft document U.S. Public Health Service Recommendations for HIV Counseling and Testing for Pregnant Women. This document is available from the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6003, Rockville, MD 20849-6003; telephone (800) 458-5231 or (301) 217-0023. Written comments must be received by April 10, 1995, and should be mailed to CDC's Technical Information Activity, Division of HIV/AIDS, Mailstop E-49, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333; fax (404) 639-2007.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 10, 1995 / 44(05);81-84
In 1993, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was the fourth leading cause of death among women aged 25-44 years in the United States (1); in addition, the incidence of AIDS is increasing more rapidly among women than men (2). Women with AIDS reported in 1994 represented 13% of the cumulative total of 58,448 cases among women. This report presents characteristics of women and men reported with AIDS in 1994, summarizes trends in cases reported during 1985-1994, and describes findings of an HIV seroprevalence survey among childbearing women during 1989-1993.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 03, 1995 / 44(04);64-67
During 1994, state, local, and territorial health departments reported to CDC 80,691 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among persons in the United States, which followed the 106,618 cases reported in 1993. The number of cases reported in each of these years was greater than that reported in 1992 (47,572) and followed the expansion of the AIDS surveillance case definition for adolescents and adults implemented on January 1, 1993.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, January 27, 1995 / 44(03);50
CDC is cosponsoring a conference, "HIV Infection in Women: Setting a New Agenda," February 22-24 in Washington, D.C. The multidisciplinary conference will address issues, including clinical medicine; basic research; epidemiology; substance abuse; health resources, health services, and social services; prevention, education, and behavior; maternal and pediatric health; and policy and advocacy.
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