Youth who have dropped out of school have higher frequencies than youth who remain in school of behaviors that increase risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1). Youth identified as potential dropouts may be likely to take increased risks, but their STD/HIV risk status has not been adequately evaluated.
"AIDS and the Family" is the theme selected by the World Health Organization Global Program on AIDS (WHO/GPA) for the seventh annual World AIDS Day, December 1, 1994. This theme focuses on the crucial role of families in responding to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. Families (defined by WHO/GPA as a group of persons linked by feelings of trust, mutual support, and a common destiny) can help reduce the risk for HIV infection among members and provide care for members who develop HIV infection or AIDS.
The expansion of the surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in January 1993 resulted in a large increase in reported AIDS cases. This increase has primarily reflected reports of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons in whom severe immunosuppression (CD4+ count less than 200 T- lymphocytes/uL or a CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentage of total lymphocytes of less than 14) had been diagnosed, which typically occurs before the onset of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses (AIDS-OIs, CDC clinical category C disease).
CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America have prepared recommendations for prevention of opportunistic infections (OIs) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. The draft document is available from CDC's Technical Information Activity, Division of HIV/AIDS, National Center for Infectious Diseases, telephone (404) 639-2076, fax (404) 639-2007.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 28, 1994 / 43(42);776
The following map Figure_1 provides information about the reported number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases per 100,000 population by state of residence for July 1993 through June 1994. More detailed information about AIDS cases is provided in the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, single copies of which are available free from the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6003, Rockville, MD 20849-6003; telephone (800) 458-5231 or (301) 217-0023.
MMWR Weekly, September 09, 1994 / 43(35);644-7,653-5
In 1993, local, state, and territorial health departments reported to CDC 58,538 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among racial/ethnic minorities. A total of 38,544 (66%) cases were reported among blacks, 18,888 (32%) among Hispanics, 767 (1%) among Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 339 (1%) among American Indians/Alaskan Natives. These cases represented 55% of the 106,949 AIDS cases reported in the United States in 1993. Rates of AIDS and modes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure varied substantially both among and within minority populations.
CDC recently released the 1993 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. The report includes the final tabulations of data reported from January through December 1993 under the 1993 expanded AIDS surveillance case definition for adolescents and adults. As a result, some tabulations in this report vary slightly from the provisional totals reported previously in MMWR. This publication also initiates the presentation of HIV data from 26 states with confidential HIV reporting.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, September 30, 1994 / 43(RR-12);1-10
This revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children replaces the pediatric HIV classification system published in 1987 (1). This revision was prompted by additional knowledge about the progression of HIV disease among children. . . .
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, September 30, 1994 / 43(RR-12);11-19
This document contains changes to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for HIV infection and disease and includes guidelines for coding and reporting these conditions. The ICD-9-CM is the diagnosis classification system used for morbidity coding in U.S. health-care facilities. The simplification of the classification structure and the addition of guidelines should facilitate greater coding accuracy.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, August 05, 1994 / 43(RR11);1-20
On June 6, 1994, the U.S. Public Health Service convened a workshop in Bethesda, Maryland, to develop recommendations for the use of zidovudine to reduce the risk for perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
On February 21, 1994, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was notified of 14 possible cases from three different countries of acute hepatitis C among persons who had received Gammagard {Registered} *, an intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) product manufactured by Baxter Healthcare Corporation (Glendale, California). The company removed Gammagard {Registered} from the worldwide market on February 23, 1994.
Approximately 100,000 childbearing-aged women in the United States are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and an estimated 7000 infants are born to HIV-positive mothers each year. In the United States, the rate of perinatal transmission of HIV among mothers who do not receive antiretroviral therapy is 15%- 30%. Results from a recent multicenter randomized double-blind clinical trial suggest that treatment of HIV-positive mothers and their infants with zidovudine (ZDV) may substantially reduce the risk for perinatal HIV transmission.
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been reported in homes in which health care has been provided and between children residing in the same household. CDC has received reports of two cases of HIV infection that apparently occurred following mucocutaneous exposures to blood or other body substances in persons who received care from or provided care to HIV-infected family members residing in the same household.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, May 20, 1994 / 43(RR-8);1-17
Although previous recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through transplantation of human tissue and organs have markedly reduced the risk for this type of transmission, a case of HIV transmission from a screened, antibody-negative donor to several recipients raised questions about the need for additional federal oversight of transplantation of organs and tissues. A working group formed by the Public Health Service (PHS) in 1991 to address these issues concluded that further recommendations should be made to reduce the already low risk of HIV transmission by transplantation of organs and tissues.
From 1991 through 1992, persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through heterosexual transmission accounted for the largest proportionate increase in reported AIDS cases in the United States. During 1993, a total of 103,500 persons aged greater than or equal to 13 years with AIDS were reported to CDC. This report summarizes the characteristics of persons reported with AIDS in the United States in 1993 attributed to heterosexual contact, compares data with those for 1992, and presents trends in heterosexual exposure categories.
MMWR Weekly, March 11, 1994 / 43(09);160-161,167-170
During 1993, local, state, and territorial health departments reported 103,500 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases among persons aged greater than or equal to 13 years in the United States, an increase of 111% over the 49,016 reported in 1992. This increase resulted from the expansion of the AIDS surveillance case definition in 1993; in comparison, the number of cases based on the preexisting case definition decreased slightly.
MMWR Recommendations and Reports, March 04, 1994 / 43(RR-3);1-21
This document contains revised guidelines developed by CDC for laboratories performing lymphocyte immunophenotyping assays in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. The recommendations in this document reflect current technology in a field that is rapidly changing. The recommendations address laboratory safety, specimen collection, specimen transport, maintenance of specimen integrity, specimen processing, flow cytometer quality control, sample analyses, data analysis, data storage, data reporting, and quality assurance.
Primary-care physicians can be important providers human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-prevention services to their patients. In 1991, 15% of U.S. adults reported having been tested for HIV antibody; of these, 55% reported their most recent HIV test had been in a physician's office or a hospital. During 1992, CDC and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) commissioned a national survey to characterize the types of HIV prevention services provided by primary-care physicians and barriers to the provision of these services.
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