Important note: Information in this article was accurate in 2003. The state of the art may have changed since the publication date.
Associated Press - December 18, 2003
Campaigns against individual diseases are essential, but policy-makers also must focus on overall health services because neglecting them increases the risk that epidemics will spread across national borders, the World Health Organization said in its annual report.
AIDS kills 5,000 adults and 1,000 children every day in Africa. Life expectancy there has plunged as much as 20 years because of the disease.
The disease has put medical services under such pressure that they have trouble coping with a host of other diseases, widening the health divide between rich and poor nations, the WHO said.
"These global health gaps are unacceptable," said WHO chief Lee Jong-wook in his introduction to the 193-page World Health Report.
Global efforts - like a WHO-spearheaded program to increase access to anti-HIV drugs - face "obstacles that have slowed and in some cases reversed progress toward meeting the health needs of all people."
"Effective action to improve population health is possible in every country but it takes local knowledge and strength and sustained international support to turn that possibility into reality," Lee said. "This means working with countries - especially those most in need - not only to confront health crises, but to construct sustainable and equitable health systems."
The report said donors can counter some of the weaknesses by funding more training for health workers, while governments should boost partnerships between health officials and affected communities.
The urgency of the challenge is illustrated by the contrasting prospects of baby girls born at the same moment in Japan and Sierra Leone, said the report. While the Japanese baby can expect to live for about 85 years, life expectancy for the child in one of Africa's poorest countries is just 36 years.
The Japanese girl will likely receive some of the world's best health care whenever she needs it, but the girl in Sierra Leone may never see a doctor, nurse or health worker.
Around 30 million people in African nations are infected with HIV/AIDS, about 70% of all cases in the world. But even without the impact of the disease, WHO said, millions of children born in Africa and other poor regions are at greater risk of dying before their fifth birthday than they were a decade ago.
In developing countries, infectious diseases represent seven out of the 10 major causes of child deaths. Some of the leading child killers in 2002 were respiratory infections, which caused 1.9 million deaths. Diarrhea killed 1.6 million and malaria 1.1 million.
"Those who do make it past childhood are confronted with adult death rates that exceed those of 30 years ago," said the report.
The gap between industrialized and developing countries is also stark in the statistics on maternal mortality, said WHO. The risk for women of dying in childbirth is 250 times higher in poor countries than in rich ones. More than 500,000 women die each year as a result of complications during pregnancy.
The report also highlights the spread in developing countries of epidemics of heart disease, stroke and other chronic diseases, which in addition to communicable diseases create a "double burden" of premature death and ill-health.
WHO said policy-makers should find a "double response," by integrating prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Of the 45 million deaths among adults worldwide in 2002, almost three-quarters were caused by non-communicable diseases. These are the main cause of death in all regions, except Africa, where HIV/AIDS has become the leading cause of mortality among adults aged 15-59 years.
The leading killers in 2002 were: HIV/AIDS, with 2.3 million deaths; heart disease, 1.3 million; tuberculosis, 1 million; stroke, 800,000. Road accidents killed 800,000 people, mostly in developing countries.
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