Table of Contents: 3CROI

3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections

Washington, DC - January 28-February 1, 1996

Cite as: Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1;3rd:Abstract No. xx

1	HOST-PARASITE DYNAMICS AND OUTGROWTH OF VIRUS CONTAINING A SINGLE K70R AMINO ACID CHANGE IN REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOSS OF HIV-1 RNA LOAD SUPPRESSION BY ZIDOVUDINE Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:53 (abstract no. 1) De Jong M, Jan Veenstra J, Stilianakis N, Schuurman R, Lange J, De Boer R, Boucher C Despite the loss of RNA load suppression, selection towards mutations at RT codons 215 and 41 continued. While host-parasite dynamics and outgrowth of low-level resistant virus thus appear responsible for the loss of HIV-1 RNA load suppression, zidovudine continues to select for alternative mutations, conferring increasing levels of resistance.
2	ZIDOVUDINE (AZT) RESISTANCE IS SUPPRESSED BY MUTATIONS CONFERRING HIV-1 RESISTANCE TO FOSCARNET (PFA) Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:53 (abstract no. 2) Tachedjian G, Mellors J, Hooker DJ, Deacon NJ, Birch C, Mills J In summary, mutants of HIV-1 co-resistant to AZT and PFA could not be selected in vitro. AZT resistance was suppressed by PFA-R mutations, and PFA-R HIV- I is hypersusceptible to AZT. Taken together, these data suggest that clinical trials of combination therapy with PFA and AZT or their analogs should be considered.
3	COMPARISON OF REPLICATION KINETICS OF HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE VARIANTS IN PHA STIMULATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTES IN THE ABSENCE OF DRUG Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:53 (abstract no. 3) Sharma PL, Crumpacker CS 1. The replication rate for WT pNL4-3 as well as Lys70Arg viruses were similar in drug free medium. 2. The virus carrying ddl related mutation Leu74Val replicated less efficiently in comparison to WT virus in drug free medium. 3. When RT codon 70 was substituted by amino acid Thr instead of Arg, the viral replication was impaired considerably.
4	ZDV RESISTANCE MUTATIONS INCREASE HIV-1 REPLICATION IN 4 DRUG-FREE PBMC STIMULATED AFTER INFECTION Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:53 (abstract no. 4) Caliendo A, Savara A, An D, Kaplan J, Daeaquila R A similar in vitro replication advantage over wild-type virus was also seen only in cells stimulated after infection with another AZT-resistant mutant virus containing RT M41L, T215Y, and K219Q. ZDV IC₅₀s for wild-type virus were higher in cells stimulated after infection than in cells stimulated before infection; the potential contribution of this factor to the slow emergence of ZDV resistant mutants in vivo is being modelled. Correlations between in vitro processivity and fidelity of the RT M41L, T215Y, and K219Q mutant enzyme are also underway.
5	MECHANISM OF ENHANCEMENT BY THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS OF AZT AND D4T ACTIVITIES AGAINST HIV-1 REPLICATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:53 (abstract no. 5) Gao WY, Ahluwalia GS, Johns DG, Mitsuya H This reduction was a consequence of a reversible depletion of dTTP plus an enhanced 5'-phosphorylation of AZT and D4T by acompensatory increase in the AZT and D4T-phosphorylating enzyme thymidine kinase, which is under feedback regulatory control by dTTP. The combination of thymidylate synthase inhibitors with AZT or D4T thus offers a non-discriminative strategy to inhibit HIV-1 at both the prereplicational and replicational levels.
6	ENHANCED FIDELITY OF DRUG-SELECTED M184V MUTATED REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE AS THE BASIS FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 3TC IN HIV CLINICAL TRIALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:54 (abstract no. 6) Wainberg MA, Salomon H, Hsu M, Li Z, Borkow G, Parniak MA, Gu Z HIV-infected individuals, who received 3TC monotherapy over one year, had lower plasma viral burden than at base-line, in spite of high-level resistance to this compound and the appearance of the M184V substitution in the HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) gene, responsible for resistance to 3TC.
7	THE RISE IN HIV-1 RNA LOAD DURING 3TC/AZT COMBINATION THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SELECTION OF VIRUSES RESISTANT TO BOTH 3TC AND AZT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:54 (abstract no. 7) Nijhuis M, De Jong D, Van Leeuwen R, De Groot T, Keulen W, Schuurman R, Boucher C We demonstrated the sustainsd presence of 3TC resistant HIV-1 variants (Ml84V) after the addition of AZT. Moreover AZT/3TC double resistant viruses were selected. The observed outgrowth of these double resistant variants are likely to be responsible for the rise in HIV-1 RNA load back to the baseline concentration during 3TC/AZT combination therapy.
8	KINETIC ANALYSIS OF ITRAVIRION REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF HIV-1-INFECTED-INDIVIDUALS: DIRECT ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE TO REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS IN VIVO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:54 (abstract no. 8) Zhang H, Dornadula G, Wu Y, Havlir D, Richman DD, Pomerantz RJ Intravirion reverse transcripts have been identified in the blood plasma of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected-individuals. In the present studies, the kinetic processes of intravirion HIV-1 reverse transcription, in the blood plasma of HIV-1-infected persons treated with nevirapine, were investigated. Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (RT) which decreases the level of HIV-1 viral particles in the blood plasma of infected-individuals.
9	PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT OUTCOME OF CMV RETINITIS AFTER ORAL GANCICLOVIR PROPHYLAXIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:54 (abstract no. 9) Wolitz R, Friedberg D, Spector SA, Wong R, Stempien MJ Oral ganciclovir prophylaxis significantly decreases the risk of developing CMV retinitis, in particular, sight-threatening (Zone 1) retinitis.
10	DETECTION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS ENROLLED IN ACTG 204 / GLAXO WELLCOME 123-014. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:54 (abstract no. 10) Griffiths PD, Feinberg J We conclude that active infection occurs earlier than previously thought so that consideration should be given to using CMV prophylaxis at an earlier stage in HIV disease progression. Patients who were initially PCR positive in blood or urine were at highest risk of developing disease, and the effect of valaciclovir in reducing disease was most striking in patients who were viremic at study onset.
11	EVALUATION OF THE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) DNA LOAD IN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMNL) OF HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS USING QUANTITATIVE PCR (Q-PCR). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:55 (abstract no. 11) Bolvin G, Handfield J, Murray G, Toma E, Lazar J, Bergeron M Periodic assessment of CMV DNA load in PMNL by Q-PCR could be useful for identification of patients at high risk of developing CMV disease and for monitoring of the effects of antiviral therapy.
12	SORIVUDINE (BV-ARAU) VERSUS ACYCLOVIR FOR HERPES ZOSTER IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:55 (abstract no. 12) Gnann J, Crumpacker C, Lalezari J, Smith J, Pollard R, Mertz G, Steigbigel R, Cloud G, Soong S, Laughlin C, et al Sorivudine is a nucleoside antiviral drug with excellent in vitro activity against varicella-zoster virus. Using a double -blind/double-dummy study design, we compared the efficacy of sorivudine (40 mg po once daily x 10d) with acyclovir (800 mg PO 5 times daily x 10d) for treatment of dermatormal herpes zoster in 170 HIV-infected patients.
13	EFFICACY OF FAMCICLOVIR FOR SUPPRESSING HSV-2 INFECTIONS AMONG 13 HIV+ PERSONS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:55 (abstract no. 13) Schacker T, Shaughessy M, Barnum G, Selke S, Zeh J, Corey L To determine the efficacy of Famciclovir for suppression of anogenital HSV-2 reactivation in HIV infected persons, we enrolled 42 HIV+/HSV2+ persons (40 males and 2 females), followed ≥ 14d into a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of Famciclovir (500 mg twice daily) vs. placebo for 8 weeks followed by a 7 day washout period and 8 weeks of the alternate substance.
14	DETECTION OF HHV-8 DURING THE WHOLE INCUBATION PERIOD OF AIDS BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF KAPOSI'S SARCOMA IN HIV-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS WITH A KNOWN DATE OF HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:55 (abstract no. 14) Lefrere JJ, Meyohas MC, Mariotiti M, Meynard JL, Thauvin M, Lerable J, Frottier J These results indicate that HHV-8 DNA may be evidenced several years before the occurence of a KS in HIV-infected individuals, giving a perspective of preventive therapy and raising the problem of a systematic screening of the HHV-8 in a yet symptomless HIV-infected population. The evidence of HHV-8 on the samples collected during the first year of HIV seropositivity in the 5 patients suggests that they were either simultaneously infected by both viruses or infected by HIV while they were already HHV-8 carriers.
15	IN SITU DETECTION OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS-8 DNA SEQUENCES IN AIDS-ASSOCIATED KAPOSI'S SARCOMA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:55 (abstract no. 15) Parravicini C, Capra M, Bestetti G, Aubin JT, Bifulco C, Berti E, Picozza E, Katz E, Briere J, Gessain A, Galli M, Agut H, Corbellino M The histological evolution of Kaposi s Sarcoma (KS) lesions from the early vascular to the late patch and nodular stages is characterized by a progressive increase of spindle cells and involves different types of mesenchymal cells, including endothelial, smooth muscle and monocytic elements. Recently, representational difference analysis allowed the disclosure of unique DNA sequences in KS lesions which were attributed to a novel human herpesvirus suspected to be involved in thepathogenesis of KS and tentatively named KSHV or human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8).
16	PERSISTENCE OF KSHV/HHV-8 SEQUENCES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) OF PATIENTS WITH AIDS-KAPOSI'S SARCOMA(AIDS-KS) RECEIVING ANTI-HERPES DRUGS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:55 (abstract no. 16) Humphrey RW, O'Brien TR, Newcomb FM, Nishihara H, Saville MW, Yarchoan R Many AIDS-KS pts, but significantly fewer KS-negative HIV pts, have KSHV/HHV-8 DNA detectable in their PBMC. There is no apparent correlation with CD4 count. The continued detection of KSHV/HHV-8 DNA in pts receiving anti-herpes therapy has implications for the potential value of these drugs in treating or preventing KS, but additional studies are needed.
17	NATURAL ENDOGENOUS REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (NERT) OF HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:56 (abstract no. 17) Zhang H, Dornadula G, Zhu M, Pomeran RJ Thus, we suggest that HIV-1 virons are actively altered by the extracellular microenvironment, and that NERT occurring in seminal plasma may play a critical role in the sexual transmission of this human retrovirus.
18	HIV-1 ZINC FINGERS: A TARGET FOR RATIONAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:56 (abstract no. 18) Arthur L¹, Rice W¹, Turpin J¹, Rein A², Lifson J¹, Gorelick R¹, Ott D¹, Casas J¹, Henderson L¹ We have developed a screening pathway which begins with identification of lead compounds based on structure and functional groups and extends to demonstration of activity on purified NC protein, reaction with zinc fingers in the intact virus, anti-viral activity in tissue culture, anti-viral activity in a SFFV/murine model and anti-viral activity in SIV-infected macaques. Results of this drug evaluation screen will be discussed.
19	THE ROLE OF VIF IN HIV-1 REPLICATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:56 (abstract no. 19) Simon JHM, Fouchier RAM, Malim MH This suggests that the Vif protein is required for the complete proteolytic processing of the p55 ^Gag polyprotein and that a failure to undergo the necessary cleavages inhibits virus infectivity.
20	CHARACTERIZATION OF HIV-1 MATRIX FUNCTION: ANALYSIS OF VIRAL REVERTANTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:56 (abstract no. 20) Freed EO, Martin MA During the course of this analysis, viral revertants of all classes of mutations were obtained and characterized. For example, a Val -> Ile change at residue 34 compensated for two position 12 mutations which blocked Env incorporation into virions, and a Gln -> Lys substitution at residue 27 (in the MA highly-basic domain) reversed the phenotype of a position 86 mutation which redirected virus assembly to the cytoplasm. The implications of the mutational analysis and revertant characterization for understanding MA structure/function relationships and delineating the role of MA in the HIV-1 life cycle will be presented.
21	HIV-1 VPR GENE INDUCES CHANGES OF CELL MORPHOLOGY AND CELL CYCLE G2 ARREST IN FISSION YEAST SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:56 (abstract no. 21) Zhao Y^1,2, Cao J¹, O'Gorman MRG^1,2, Tian J¹, Yogev R^1,2 Our results suggested that HIV-1 Vpr-induced cellular changes in S. pombe mimic those of found in human cells.
22	THE URACIL-DNA GLYCOSYLASE ENZYME IS A CELLULAR PARTNER OF THE HIV-1 VPR PROTEIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:57 (abstract no. 22) Sire J¹, Bouhamdan M¹, Benichou S², Rey F¹, Navarro JM¹, Agostini I¹, Spire B¹, Slupphaug G³, Camonis J², Benarous R², Vigne R¹ We have shown that the HIV-1 Vpr protein could interact with the cellular UNG enzyme, and the question of its functional relevance remains to be investigated.
23	SPECIFICITY AND MECHANISM OF HIV-1 INHIBITION BY TRANSDOMINANT REV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:57 (abstract no. 23) Pavlakis GN1, Stauber R¹, Neumann M¹, Gaitanaris GA¹, Valentin A¹, Song S¹, Harrison J¹, Tabernero C², Felber BK² In another line of experiments, we have shown that inhibition of HIV-1 expression by TDRev is specific and results solely from the inhibition of Rev function by TDRev. We have generated Rev-independent HIV-1 molecular clones able to propagate in human cells in the complete absence of Rev and its binding site, the RRE. These molecular clones are not inhibited in cell lines expressing TDRev, while the wild-type virus is. These results demonstrate the specificity of TDRev function against Rev.
24	REPLACEMENT OF THE VIRAL REV REGULATION IN HIV-1 AND SIV WITH A POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL ELEMENT OF THE SIMIAN RETROVIRUS TYPE 1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:57 (abstract no. 24) Felber BK¹, Valentin A², von Gegerfelt A¹, Zolotukhin AS¹, Tabernero C¹, Bear J¹, Pavlakis GN² Our data demonstrate that the Rev regulation can be replaced by other posttranscriptional mechanisms, and that Rev is not essential for virus replication in vitro. The availability of the SIV hybrid virus will allow us to investigate the role of Rev in virus propagation in vivo. The replacement of the Rev/RRE regulatory axis may generate viruses with altered biological properties in vivo and it may allow the production of attenuated nonpathogenic viral strains.
25	PERINATAL HIV INFECTION AND THE EFFECT OF ZDV THERAPY ON TRANSMISSION IN RURAL AND URBAN NORTH CAROLINA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:57 (abstract no. 25) Fiscus SA, Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Lim W, McKinney R, Rupar D, Kenny J, Woods C, Wilfert C After the announcement of the results of ACTG 076, ZDV was given to 75% of identified HIV+ women who delivered babies in NC. Only 5.7% of infants who received any ZDV became infected compared with 18.9%of infants who received no ZDV (p =.007). Rural infants were as likely to receive ZDV as urban infants. NC's health care providers are identifying most of the state's HIV+ pregnant women, treating them with ZDV, and testing their infants soon after birth for HIV infection. The use of ZDV in pregnant women and their infants has significantly reducedperinatal HIV transmission in the state.
26	IMPACT OF ACTG 076: USE OF ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) DURING PREGNANCY AND CHANGES IN THE RATE OF HIV VERTICAL TRANSMISSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:57 (abstract no. 26) Cooper E, Diaz C, Pitt J, Hanson C, Hershow R, Kalish L, Mendez H, Zorilla C, Moye J, Smeriglio V, Fowler M G In a large perinatal HIV observational study (WITS), release of ACTG 076 results was temporally associated with a dramatic increase in ZDV use in pregnancy, and significant decrease in maternal-infant HIV transmission.
27	PERINATAL HIV-1 TRANSMISSION IN AFRICA AND THE EFFECT OF BIRTH CANAL CLEANING. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:58 (abstract no. 27) Biggar RJ, Miotti P, Taha T, Waters D, Mtimivalye L Our procedure should have lowered birth canal exposure to HIV but had little impact on perinatal HIV transmission.
28	PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 AND HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR DURING PREGNANCY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:58 (abstract no. 28) Matheson P, Thomas PA, Lambert G, Bamji M, Krasinski K, Steketee R, Thea D, Chiasson MA, Abrams EJ Additional research is needed to determine whether pregnant HIV-1-seropositive women can diminish the likelihood of perinatal HIV- 1 transmission by changing their sexual behavior during pregnancy.
29	MATERNAL DRUG USE DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL HIV CULTURE POSITIVITY AND PERINATAL TRANSMISSION Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:58 (abstract no. 29) Rodriguez E, Mofenson L, Chang B, Rich K, Fowler MG, Smeriglio V, Landesman S, Fox H, Diaz C, Green K, Hansen C The prevalence of hard drug use during pregnancy in HIV positive women in this study was shown to be high. Such drug use was associated with an increased risk for maternal HIV culture positivity at delivery and for perinatal HIV transmission. Substance abuse treatment and counseling for pregnant HIV infected women may help reduce these risks.
30	HIGH MATERNAL VIRAL LOAD PREDICTS PERINATAL HIV-1 TRANSMISSION AND EARLY INFANT PROGRESSION, BANGKOK, THAILAND Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:58 (abstract no. 30) Shaffer N^1,2, Chotpitayasunondh T³, Roongpisuthipong A⁴, Siriwasin W⁵, Chearskul S⁴, Young N^1,2,, Brown T², Nieburg P², Batter V², Kalish ML², Mastro TD^1,2, The perinatal transmission rate for HIV-1 subtype E in Bangkok is 24%, comparable to rates for other subtypes reported elsewhere. Higher maternal viral load at delivery is associated with increased transmission risk, but the risk appears to be multifactorial. Infected infants born to mothers with high viral load at delivery are at high risk for early, rapid progression of disease.
31	ROLE OF VIRAL LOAD IN BOTH TRANSFUSION- AND HETEROSEXUAL-TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:58 (abstract no. 31) Operskalski EA Viral load appears to be the identifiably important determinant for both transfusion- and heterosexual-transmission of HIV-1 infection.
32	THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF HIV RNA LEVELS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:58 (abstract no. 32) Phillips AN, Hill AM, Eron J, Bartlett J* for the North American Lamivudine HIV Working Group* The HIV RNA level appears to be a strong predictor of the development of clinical disease and may thus be of importance, in addition to the CD4 count, in patient monitoring.
33	THE ROLE OF CHEMOKINES IN SIV-INDUCED AIDS ENCEPHALITIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:59 (abstract no. 33) Sasseville G, Smith MM, Mackay C, Ringler DJ, Lackner AA Our data indicate that chemokines and VCAM-1 are intimately associated with SIV encephalitis and may mediate monocyte recruitment to the brain.
34	DIFFERENTIAL TROPISM OF ACUTE HIV-1 ISOLATES FOR MONOCYTE DERIVED MACROPHAGES (MDM) AND MICROGLIA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:59 (abstract no. 34) Strizki JM, Albright AV, O'Connor M, Gonzalez-Scarano F Sequence comparison of the V3 loop of unpassaged and multiply passaged virus did not reveal any significant changes, suggesting that regions other than V3 may be important for infection of microglia. Taken together our data support the hypothesis that HIV-1 infection can be established in the CNS by viruses present early in HIV infection, and that once established, adaptation can result in the selection of a pool of predominantly neurotropic viruses. Current efforts are directed at obtaining molecular clones of microglia-tropic isolates, and elucidation of the viral elements responsible HIV neurotropism.
35	NTERA-2 HUMAN NEURONAL CELL MODEL SYSTEM FOR HIV-1-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:59 (abstract no. 35) Kolson DL, Llanes CE, Kim FM, Collman RG Thus, the NTera-2 neuronal cell line and our multi-component cell co-culture system will be a valuable model with which to examine functional and toxic effects resulting from HIV-1 infection of microphage cells and direct or indirect mechanisms involving neurons and other glial cells.
36	TROPISM OF HIV-1 FOR DIFFERENT CD4+ CELL TYPES: ROLE OF DISTINCT ACCESSORY FUSION FACTORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:59 (abstract no. 36) Alkhatib G, Broder CC, Feng Y, Berger EA Our results support the model that HIV-1 tropism is due to the presence on different CD4+ cell types of distinct accessory factors that preferentially mediate fusion by envs from the two HIV-1 classes. Additional findings did not support suggestions by others that CD44 or CD26 function directly in entry of microphage-tropic isolates. We are developing vaccinia-based expression cloning strategies to isolate cDNAs encoding the accessory fusion factors.
37	ROLE OF CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN MICE TRANSGENIC FOR THE TAX GENE OF HTLV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:59 (abstract no. 37) Grossman WJ, Ratner L It is possible that production of GM-CSF by these LGLs may be responsible for the observed neutrophilia in these transgenic mice, and that IFNγ production may induce LGL cell transformation through an autocrine stimulation loop.
38	TIME COURSE AND KINETICS OF HIV VIREMIA DURING PRIMARY INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:60 (abstract no. 38) Busch MP¹, Herman SA², Henrard DR³, Satten GA⁴, Garrett PE⁴, Aubuchon JP⁶, Schreiber GB⁷, and REDS These data allow projection of the yield of direct virus detection assay yield, and suggest that the rate of HIV production established during primary dissemination is similar to that of chronic infections.
39	SINGLE TUBE ASSAY FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETECTION OF HIV-1 RNA IN PLASMA SPECIMENS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:60 (abstract no. 39) Billyard B, Yang Y, Nunomura K, Garduno F, Clark T, Ueding K, Brentano S, Giachetti C, McDonough S, Mimms L Using the single tube assay we demonstrated quantitation in the range of 20 to 200,000 copies of genomic RNA. The single tube assay can be completed in a few hours without expensive, specialized equipment.
40	LINE PROBE ASSAY (LIPA) FOR THE RAPID AND RELIABLE DETECTION OF DRUG INDUCED MUTATIONS IN THE HIV RT GENE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:60 (abstract no. 40) Stuyver L, Wyseur A, Scarcez T, Verhofstede C, Louwagie J, Rossau R The current selection of probes allowed the reliable detection of cloned mutations and polymorphisms. At least 90% of patients sera studied could unambiguously and rapidly be characterized.
41	THE HIV-1 nef GENE PRODUCT ASSOCIATES WITH A MEMBER OF THE P21 ACTIVATED KINASE (PAK) FAMILY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:60 (abstract no. 41) Nunn M, Marsh J Labeled p65 can be immunoprecipitated using antisera directed against peptides of PAK65, a neutrophil histone H4 kinase. P65 is also immunoprecipitated by antisera to the rat PAK-1 and PAK-2 but not antisera recognizing other kinases. Thus, Nef associates with an active form of p65, a member of the PAK family of histone H4 kinases which are known to play central roles in the transduction of extracellular signals.
42	DETECTION OF AN INTERACTION BETWEEN HIV-1 NEF AND HUMAN P56 LCK PROTEINS BY THE TWO-HYBRID SYSTEM. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:60 (abstract no. 42) Rhéaume E, Champagne P, Sekaly RP Thus, it appears that an interaction between Nef and p56^lck is possible in vivo and that this interaction does not depend only on the p56^lck's SH3 domain. Further work has been initiated to confirm this interaction in mammalian cells.
43	THE PACKAGING DETERMINANTS OF HIV-2 VPX. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:61 (abstract no. 43) Holemon HA, Horton RB, Ratner L These findings define multiple protein-protein interactions important for the production of infectious HIV-2 particles, which should provide insights into novel therapeutic approaches.
44	VARIABILITY IN PATTERNS OF EXPRESSION OF HIV-1 TAT, REV AND NEF MRNAS IN VIVO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:61 (abstract no. 44) Thomson MM¹, Vallejo A², Reitz MS¹, Biggar RJ¹, Gallo RC¹, Klotman ME³ We conclude that, similar to what has been reported in vitro, a great variety of HIV-1 alternatively spliced transcripts are produced in vivo. Some patients in early stages of the infection appear to have undetectable expression of rev and of incompletely spliced mRNAs.
45	NUCLEAR PRESERVATION AND CYTOPLASMIC DEGRADATION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE I REV PROTEIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:61 (abstract no. 45) Kubota S¹, Duan L¹, Furuta R², Hatanaka M², Pomerantz RJ¹ Differential degradation of Rev in the nucleus and cytoplasm may play a critical role in determining and maintaining different stages of HIV-1 infection, in conjunction with the shuttling properties of the Rev protein.
46	DOWNREGULATION OF CD4 BY HIV-1 ENV AND VPU. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:61 (abstract no. 46) Fujita K, Maldarelli F, Silver J Since Vpu is capable of multimerization, many of the observations in our system are explained by a semiquantitative model in which CD4 interacts with multimerized Vpu. When the concentration of Vpu exceeds a threshold required for multimerization, a Vpu-CD4 complex forms whose transport to the cell surface is blocked, resulting in decreased surface CD4.
47	VIF NEGATIVE HIV-1 PERSISTENTLY REPLICATES IN PRIMARY MACROPHAGES PRODUCING ATTENUATED VIRUS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:61 (abstract no. 47) Chowdhury IH, Potash MJ, Chao W, Sova P, Volsky DJ We conclude that mutations in vif result in the establishment of persistent, attenuated HIV-1 infection in macrophages which may be relevant to the maintenance of a chronic, semi-latent infection in vivo.
48	ELUCIDATION OF STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP OF VPR THROUGH MOLECULAR MODELING AND SITE-SPECIFIC MUTAGENESIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:61 (abstract no. 48) Srinivasan A¹, Mahalingam S¹, Murali R², Collman RG², Patel M¹, Serio D¹ The results obtained with Vpr containing mutations throughout the molecule shed light on the interrelationship between oligomerization, nuclear localization, virion incorporation, and biological effects of Vpr.
49	ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEIN BCL-2 SHARES STRUCTURAL HOMOLOGY WITH HIV-1 NEF. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:62 (abstract no. 49) Ranganathan PN, Croce CM, Srinivasan A Interestingly, four highly conserved nef-defining, consensus blocks shared high sequence homology with Bcl-2 and two of these blocks also sharedidentical predicted secondary structure with their Bcl-2 counterparts. These observations raise the possibility of one or more functions being common to Bcl-2 and nef.
50	CALRETICULIN INTERACTS TRANSIENTLY WITH NEWLY SYNTHESIZED HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:62 (abstract no. 50) Otteken A, Moss B The data suggested that most of the gp160 asssociated with calreticulin was also bound to calnexin but that only a portion of the gp160 associated with calnexin was also bound to calreticulin.
51	CHARACTERIZATION OF HIV-1 ENTRY INTO CD4-NEG COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:62 (abstract no. 51) Long D, Broder CC¹, Doms RW To gain a more complete understanding of how HIV-1 enters HT29 cells we are utilizing a quantitative cell fusion gene reporter asssay. The characteristics of this fusion assay will be described as will the ability of a panel of monoclonal antibodies to env to block this reaction.
52	BINDING OF DIVERGENT HIV-1 ENVELOPE PROTEINS AND HIV-1 IIIB ENVELOPE MUTANTS TO GALACTOSYLCERAMIDE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:61 (abstract no. 52) Berson JF, Broder CC¹, Wyatt R², Sodroski J², Doms RW These results were correlated with the ability of a panel of MAbs to known antigenic determinants of env to block binding to GalCer.
53	NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL-INDEPENDENT TRANSLOCATION OF HIV-1 GENOME TO THE PERINUCLEAR SPACE IN T LYMPHOCYTES MEDIATED BY VIMENTIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:62 (abstract no. 53) Bukrinsky M, Lee MA, Thomas EK, Connelly R, Haffar O, Dubrovsky L We propose that the first steps of HIV-1 infection cycle (uncoating, reverse transcription, nuclear translocation) occur within complexes attached to intermediate filaments, and present a model of the early events which, based on our own observations and published reports, explains translocation of the HIV-1 genome to the perinuclear space by the cleavage of vimentin filaments with HIV-1 protease, resulting in the collapse of the corresponding filament together with the bound pre-integration complex to the nuclear pore.
54	IDENTIFICATION OF EPITOPES ON HIV-1 TAT THAT DETERMINE ITS CELLULAR UPTAKE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:62 (abstract no. 54) Ma M, Nath A We conclude that, i) the basic region mediates membrane binding and uptake of Tat, ii) peptide28-42 may act as a carrier for Tat uptake, and iii) the second exon of Tat provides a tertiary configuration to the Tat molecule which allows Tat uptake to occur.
55	BINDING SITES FOR SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS DOWNSTREAM OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START SITE OF HIV-1 ARE CRITICAL FOR VIRUS INFECTIVITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:63 (abstract no. 55) Van Lint C, John M, Amella CA, Emiliani S, Ott M, Verdin E RNase protection assays from equivalent amounts of viral particles from each of the mutants showed no RNA packaging defect. Studies addressing the role of these transcription factors in the chromatin organization of the HIV-1 LTR and in the transcriptional regulation of the virus are currently underway and will be presented.
56	THE ROLE OF INTEGRATION SITE ON TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE HIV-1 LTR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:63 (abstract no. 56) Alur P, Laughlin M We show that the 5' and 3' MARs of the serine protease gene cluster CGL-1 (each of which contain a single topoisomerase II cleavage site) downregulate the basal expression from the HIV-1 LTR in a tissue specific manner.
57	HIV-1 REPLICATION IN PRIMARY HUMAN FETAL ASTROCYTES AND ITS EFFECTS ON GLUTAMATE UPTAKE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:63 (abstract no. 57) Bencheikh M¹, Gelbard H², Volsky DJ¹ These results indicate that human fetal astrocytes are reproducibly susceptible to low productive, persistent replication of HIV-1 and that such viral replication is severely deleterious to cellular function.
58	ABORTIVE INFECTION: HIV-1 DIFFERENTIAL HOST CELL TROPISM DETERMINED AFTER ENTRY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:63 (abstract no. 58) Collman RG, Kim FM, Yi YJ Thus, 89.6 infection in these cells is blocked after entry, reverse transcription and early gene expression but before structural proteins are made. This abortive infection represents a novel mechanism of virus-specific differential host cell tropism and may provide a useful model for cellular factors needed to establish productive infection.
59	DISTINCT MUTATIONS IN BRAIN-DERIVED HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:64 (abstract no. 59) Liu C, McArthur JC, Glass JG, Power C We conclude that in brain-derived HIV-1 proviral DNA, ZRAM are associated with prolonged ZDV therapy but not necessarily neurological disease and HIV-1 RT shows patterns of mutation that are distinctive from nonbrain-derived HIV-1 RT.
60	PAROTID SALIVARY ANTIBODY RESPONSES FOLLOWING PRIMARY HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:64 (abstract no. 60) Edghill-Smith Y, Dalessio J, Schacker T, Robinovitch M, Ashley RL These data suggest either unique IgG-dominant responses to HIV by the mucosal immune system or an unusual level of serum HIV-IgG transudation into parotid and rectal secretions.
61	GENITAL TRACT ANTI-HIV IMMUNOGLOBULIN AMONG HIV-INFECTED AND UNINFECTED WOMEN WITH HIV-INFECTED SEXUAL PARTNERS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:64 (abstract no. 61) Duerr A¹, Parekh BS¹, Nagachinta T², Suriyanon V³, Rugpao S³, Lee-Thomas S¹, Flowers L¹, Nelson KE⁴ Anti-HIV immunoglobulin was detected in genital tract specimens from 67% of HIV+ women. In this preliminary study no local (genital tract) humoral immune responses were detected among HIV seronegative women with repeated sexual exposure to HIV.
62	HIV-1 ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY IN CERVICO-VAGINAL FLUID OF SEROPOSITIVE AND AT RISK SERONEGATIVE WOMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:64 (abstract no. 62) Landers D, Padian N, Harris DS, Glass S, Milam T, Wara D The presence of HIV-specific IgA varied from 15/22 (68%) for gp160 to 4/22 (18%) for gp120. IgAl, IgA2 and Secretory Component were all detected in the majority of IgA positive samples regardless of HIV protein specificity. The presence of IgA did not correlate with stage of the menstrual cycle or stage of HIV disease. No anti-HIV antibodies were detected in any of the "at risk" HIV(-) women. These results suggest 1) that HIV-specific IgG found in CVL samples parallel that found in the serum; 2) HIV-specific IgA is detectable in CVL specimens in some but not all seropositive women; and 3) at least some of the CVL IgA is Secretory-IgA. Larger numbers, longitudinal studies during the menstrual cycle and quantitation of antibodies are needed to weigh the importance of genital tract IgA in HIV transmission and HIV effects in the genital tract.
63	EXPRESSION OF HETERODIMERIC FCγ RECEPTOR HOMOLOGOUS TO FCRN IN HUMAN PLACENTA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:64 (abstract no. 63) Leach JL¹, Sedmak DD², Lairmore MD³, Anderson CL⁴ The receptor consists of a heterodimer of an α chain (46 kDa) and (β2- microglobulin (14kDa), structurally homologous to the α chain of MHC class I molecules. Clarification of the receptor for IgG transport will permit further studies to molecularly define the role of antibody-mediated transport of human immunodeficiency across mucosal barriers.
64	CERVICOVAGINAL ANTI-HIV ANTIBODIES IN INDEX WOMEN FROM HIV-DISCORDANT, EXCLUSIVELY HETEROSEXUAL, COUPLES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:65 (abstract no. 64) Bélec L¹, Prazöck T², Malkin JE³, Pillot J⁴ These observations indicate that both the prevalence and the levels of cervicovaginal antibodies to HIV of the IgA as well as the IgG classes do not appear as biological indicators sufficiently relevant to explain a possible reduced infectivity of the female index case in HIV discordant couples by comparison with HIV concordant couples.
65	CERVICOVAGINAL HIV-1 AND HIV-2 CROSS-REACTIVITIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:65 (abstract no. 65) Bélec L¹, Dupré T¹, Prazuck T², Tévi-Bénissan C¹, Gilquin J³, Matta M¹, Pillot J⁴ Cervicovaginal cross-reactivity was more pronounced for HIV-2- specific antibodies to HIV-1 epitopes than conversely. Such features could be relevant to a differential heterosexual transmission of one type of HIV in an individual infected by the other type, in accordance with epidemiologic studies showing that HIV-2 infection protects from HIV-1 infection, and that HIV-1 infection does not appear to protect significantly from HIV-2 infection.
66	HLA CLASS I ALLELES IN A COHORT OF HIV-1 HIGHLY EXPOSED, PERSISTENTLY SERONEGATIVE (HEPS) SEX WORKERS (CSWS) IN NORTHERN THAILAND. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:65 (abstract no. 66) ¹Stephens H, ²Beyrer C, ³Mastro T, ²Nelson KE, ¹Klaythong R, ⁴Kunachiwa W, ¹Chandanayingyong D, ⁴Khamboonruang C, ³Limpakarnjanarat K, ⁵Mason C, ⁶Artenstein A Since HLA class I proteins present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic Tcells, these distributions in HEPS CSWs may be relevant to understand relative resistance to HIV-1 infection. Further analysis of these class I alleles might be relevant in the design of HIV-1 vaccines to be tested in these populations.
67	"DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO A FRAGMENT OF GP41 FROM THE HIV-1 ENVELOPE IN INFECTED PATIENTS AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS PLASMAS". Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:65 (abstract no. 67) Hong MA, Sato MN, Saito R, Casseb JS, Duarte AJ These results suggested that the presence of anti-gp41 in controls can be, possibly, consequent to reactivity of natural antibodies to Interleukins or other self proteins. And the presence of these antibodies in patients plasma could play a role in the immunodisfunction in HIV infection. Inhibition tests studies are being performed for better data analysis.
68	CONSEQUENCES OF PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION WITH AN HIV-1 NEUTRALIZING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY IN THE CHIMPANZEE-PRIMARY HIV-1 ISOLATE INFECTION MODEL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:65 (abstract no.68) Conley AJ¹, Kessler J¹, Boots L¹, McKenna PM¹, Schleif WA¹, Emini EA¹, Katinger H², Payne JS³, Cobb EK³, Murthy KK³ These data are consistent with effective in vivo antiviral activity of the monoclonal antibody and describe a potentially new class of in vivo generated non-antibody-binding-site escape mutants.
69	CHARACTERIZATION OF CONFORMATION-DEPENDENT ANTI-GP120 MURINE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY IMMUNIZATION WITH MONOMERIC AND OLIGOMERIC FORMS OF HIV-I ENVELOPE PROTEIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:66 (abstract no. 69) Sugiura W, Earl PL, Broder CC, Moss B 72% of the Mabs exhibited broad cross reactivity with diverse env proteins; the remaining 38% reacted very poorly or not at all. We also analyzed epitopes of Mabs by BIAcore. Based on these parameters, we can define at least 11 groups of Mabs with distinct characteristics.
70	NEUTRALIZATION PROFILE OF SERA FROM HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS TO AUTOLOGOUS HIV ISOLATES AND MN STRAIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:66 (abstract no. 70) Nokta MA, Turk P, Bay S, Pollard RB The IUPM from those patient were 2043 ± 798 compared to 241 ± 114 for the rest of the group. The neutralization profile to autologous and MN strains might be useful for selecting candidate patients for immunoglobulin or vaccine therapy.
71	CROSS-NEUTRALIZATION OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL HIV-1 ISOLATES BY AUTOLOGOUS SERA AND HIVIG. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:66 (abstract no.71) Farzadegan H, Vlahov D, Chaplinskiene M, Nelson K, Lambert J, Halsey N, Bollinger R, Jackson B, Saah A, Reichelderfer P Autologous sera and HIVIG were capable of neutralizing a range of HIV-1 clinical isolates. The QMC technique established variations in neutralizing capabilities of autologous sera and HIVIG according to the geographical distribution and natural history of HIV-1 infection. The data have implications on natural history, national and international intervention and vaccine trials.
72	ANTIBODIES TO HIV-1 IN PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY (RECIPIENTS AND DONORS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:66 (abstract no. 72) Karpas A, Bainbridge D, Ash S In conclusion it is not unreasonable to suggest that PIT can lead to partial recovery in the ability of some patients with HIV disease to produce antibodies against the virus, while in healthy plasma donors it helps to maintain or even increase the levels of such protective antibodies.
73	IN VITRO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HUMAN LUNG ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND HIV-1 CHRONICALLY INFECTED MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGES CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:66 (abstract no. 73) Calvez V, Grandadam M, Hubert P, Dupin N, Mugnier P, Malet I, Gay F, Huraux JM Our experiments demonstrated that lung ECs exhibit a positive effect on the replication of HIV-1 in chronically infected monocyte/microphage cells by cell to cell contact undependantly of a soluble secreted factor. The molecules implicated in this phenomenon are now under investigation.
74	CD26 EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH ENTRY, REPLICATION AND CYTOPATHICITY OF MONOCYTOTROPIC HIV-1 STRAINS IN A T-CELL LINE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:67 (abstract no. 74) Oravecz T¹, Roderiquez G¹, Koff J¹, Wang J¹, Ditto M¹, Bou-Habib DC¹, Lusso P², Norcross MA¹ Experiments with recombinant viruses showed that the third hypervariable region of the envelope gp120 plays an important role in this selection process. This study identifies CD26 as a key marker for M-tropic HIV-1 infection, and suggests a mechanism for the early loss of CD26 expressing cells in HIV-1 infected individuals.
75	ENGAGEMENT OF SURFACE LFA-1 AUGMENTS THE REPLICATION OF HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:67 (abstract no. 75) Butera S, Shattock RJ, Roberts BD, Freimuth W, Boxer L, Griffin GE, Folks T, Nabel G Together the results from these various systems strongly implicate a regulatory role for surface adhesion molecules, possibly mediated by the production of locally acting cytokines, in the control of HIV-1 replication.
76	THE D4-TRANSMEMBRANE INTERDOMAIN OF CD4 PLAYS A ROLE IN HIV-1-MEDIATED CELL FUSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:67 (abstract no. 76) Moir S, Perreault J, Boissinot M, Poulin M These results suggest that the amino acid residues deleted from the membrane proximal region of CD4 may be involved in specific interactions which facilitate gp41-mediated membrane fusion. Alternatively, the shortened CD4 molecule may have a restricted capacity to undergo and/or direct the confirmational changes thought to lead to HIV internalization. This possibility is currently being verified with a CD4 mutant in which the five initially deleted residues have been replaced by a heterologous substitution.
77	TRIGGERING OF COMPLEMENT RECEPTORS CR1 AND CR3 INDUCES NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF NF-KB IN HUMANMONOCYTES AND ENHANCES VIRAL REPLICATION IN HIV-INFECTED MONOCYTIC CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:67 (abstract no. 77) Weiss L, Thieblemont N, Kazatchkine MD, Haeffner-Cavaillon N The amount of protein translocated was similar to that observed when cells were stimulated with rhTNFα. TNFα did not mediate the translocation of NF-kB p50/p65 induced by triggering of complement receptors. Taken together, these observations suggest that HIV gene expression may be activated in infected monocytes through interaction of the cells with complement-opsonized particles and that enhanced viral replication is associated with C3 receptor-mediated nuclear translocation of the NF-kB complex.
78	PRIMARY HIV-1 ISOLATES INFECT CD4 NEGATIVE, GALCER POSITIVE CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:67 (abstract no. 78) Harouse JM, Zhang W, Gonzalez-Scarano F We were unable to correlate the infectivity for SK-N-MC cells with established biological phenotypes such as cellular tropism and syncytial induction or with genetic classification, suggesting that pan-tropism is an independent biological variable.
79	ROLE OF VPR IN HIV-1 INFECTION: NONSENSE MUTATION IN VPR CORRELATES WITH PERSISTENT HIV-1 PRODUCTION IN INFECTED CELL LINES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:67 (abstract no. 79) Owen SM¹, Zhao LJ², Lal RB¹ Initial studies indicate that the mutated vpr gene results in slower viral replication in A3.01 cells. Studies are ongoing to determine the effects of the mutation in normal human PBMCS and the results of these studies will be presented.
80	BOTH HIV AND HTLV VIRIONS INCORPORATE T CELL ACTIVATION MARKERS IL-2 RECEPTOR AND HLA-DR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:68 (abstract no. 80) Saifuddin M, Saarloos MN, G Spear We suggest that the presence of both α and β chains of IL-2R together results in functional activity on the surface of the virions and that these activation molecules incorporated into virions may play some role in activation of target cells or dysregulation of the immune system.
81	LIGATION OF CR1 (C3B RECEPTOR, CD35) ON CD4 + T LYMPHOCYTES ENHANCES VIRAL REPLICATION IN HIV-INFECTED CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:68 (abstract no. 81) Mouhoub A, Delibrias CC, Fischer E, Boyer V, Kazatchkine MD The enhancing effect induced by CR1 ligation on patients' cells was suppressed in the presence of anti-TNF-α mAb, indicating that it is, at least in part, dependent on the generation of TNF-α. Our results suggest that HIV replication may be triggered in resting HIV-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes through interaction with C3b-bearing immune complexes or particles.
82	UPREGULATION OF HIV BY CD4 CROSSLINKING. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:68 (abstract no. 82) Than S, Oyaizu N, Tetali S, Kaplan M, Romano J, Pahwa S Peak TNF-α induction was observed on day 3 and persisted until day 7; p24 antigen levels peaked on day 7. We conclude that CD4XL in vitro, possibly occurring via CD4-gp 120 interaction in the lymph nodes, may play a role in a subset of patients (as in group I) in facilitating virus upregulation in latently infected cells and persistent virus replication. The relationship of the in vitro CD4XL response in PBMC to in vivo plasma virus load in these patients is under investigation and will be reported.
83	EXPRESSION AND DENSITY ANALYSIS OF LFA-I AND MAC-1 IN MONONUCLEARES CELLS IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:68 (abstract no. 83) Amato Vigorito MA, Saito R, Mello N, DeMaurino DE, Duarte AS The highest CD_11b expression and density in the CD4 group < 200/mm³and in the 200-499/mm³range when compared to the control group suggests that CD_11b can be considered a marker for more advanced stages of the disease.
84	HIV REPLICATION IN VITRO APPEARS LITTLE AFFECTED BY CHANGE IN CO2. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:68 (abstract no. 84) Carlin K, Anderson S, Chapa I, Thomason A, Carlin S There was no statistically significant difference in groups varying from CO2 3.5% to 65%. HIV replication in human T cells appears to be relatively independent of variable CO₂ levels.
85	ENHANCED FAS/FAS LIGAND DEPENDENT ACTIVATION INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN CD4 LYMPHOCYTES FROM HIV SEROPOSITIVE PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:68 (abstract no. 85) Badley A, Simpson M, Lynch D, Leibson P, Paya CV These results indicate that Fas/Fas ligand interactions are functional in mediating CD4 lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals.
86	HIV-INFECTED MACROPHAGES INDUCE APOPTOSIS OF UNINFECTED T CELLS THROUGH THE EXPRESSION OF FAS LIGAND. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:69 (abstract no. 86) Badley AD, McElhinny JA, Leibson PJ, Lynch D, Arnutage R, Paya CV These results suggest that the Fas/FasL interaction can be modulated by HIV infection, thus playing a central role in the HIV-dependent T cell depletion.
87	REPRESSION OF HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION BY THE HUMAN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1: MECHANISTIC STUDIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:69 (abstract no. 87) Romerio F, Margolis DM YY1 may exert its inhibitory effect on HIV transcription via direct interaction with the basal transcription machinery, or through interactions with other cellular factors such as Sp1. Studies examining this issue will be presented.
88	INFECTION OF HUMAN NEURONAL CELLS BY PROTOTYPE AND PRIMARY HIV-1 ISOLATES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:69 (abstract no. 88) Yi YJ, Kin DL, Kolson DL, Collman RG These data suggest that some primary HIV-1 isolates may directly infect cells of both neuronal and glial (microphage/microglia) lineage and may thus contribute to both direct and indirect mechanisms of neuronal cell dysfunction and toxicity.
89	HIV-1 MEDIATED FUSION IN T-CELLS EXPRESSING A CD8 TRANSMEMBRANE-SUBSTITUTE CD4 CHIMERIC MOLECULE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:69 (abstract no. 89) Poulin L, Moir S, Perreault J This study sheds light on some of the conflicting results reported with GPI-anchored CD4 molecules and indicates that the fusion-defective region of the previously investigated CD4(D1-D2)-CD8 (hinge-transmembrane-cytoplasmic tail) chimeric molecule lies outside the transmembrane domain.
90	TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)-α INHIBITS GLUTAMATE UPTAKE BY PRIMARY HUMAN FETAL ASTROCYTES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:69 (abstract no. 90) Fine S, Angel R, Dewhurst S, Gelbard HA These results suggest that the neurotoxic effects of TNF-α may be due in part to its ability to inhibit glutamate uptake by astrocytes, which in turn may result in increased synaptic concentrations of glutamate, and overstimulation of excitatory glutamate receptors.
91	STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS IN LLP1 PEPTIDE SEGMENTS OF HIV-1 TM EXHIBITED BY CALMODULIN AFFINITY OF NATURAL VARIANTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:69 (abstract no. 91) Tencza SB, Beary TP, Montelaro RC, Mietzner TA These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the LLP segments of lentiviral TM protein can directly contribute to cytopathogenesis by binding to and inhibiting cellular CaM. Furthermore, our results correlate with the emerging body of literature suggesting a relationship between the presence of these regions and viral cytopathogenesis.
92	BCL-2 EXPRESSION FACILITATES HIV-1-MEDIATED CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS DURING ACUTE SPREADING INFECTIONS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:70 (abstract no. 92) Sandstrom PA, Pardi D, Goldsmith CS, Diamond AM, Folks TM In addition, bcl-2 expression is associated with enhanced HIV replication as determined by HIV-1 specific western blot quantitation. These results suggest that cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 may be facilitated by the inhibition of apoptosis.
93	LEVEL OF CELLULAR HLA-DR MOLECULES INCORPORATED ON HIV IS VIRUS STRAIN- AND CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:70 (abstract no. 93) Tremblay M, Cantin R, Fortin JF These observations extend beyond already published results and suggest that the process of incorporation of cellular molecules on newly released virus particles is a phenomenon that relies on both the virus strain and producer cell line.
94	ANTIBODIES TO ADHESION MOLECULES AND V3 ACT IN SYNERGY TO NEUTRALIZE HIV-1 PRIMARY ISOLATES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:70 (abstract no. 94) Hioe C¹, Hildreth JE², Haynes BF³, Pazner SZ¹ Overall, these studies indicate that, in addition to CD4, cellular adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligand ICAM-1 are involved in HIV infection and that the expression levels of these molecules on cells influence infectivity and hence, antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV.
95	TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53 EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:70 (abstract no. 95) Kim JH¹, McLinden RJ², Michael NL¹, Lewis B², Burke D¹, Redfield RR¹, Birx DL¹ These data establish a new link between p53 expression and HIV disease progression and support the idea that apoptotic mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of AIDS. The critical link between p53 expression and apoptosis in PBMC from HIV-infected individuals is under investigation.
96	ALTERATION IN CATION TRANSPORT OF HIV-INFECTED PURIFIED CD4+ LYMPHOCYTES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:70 (abstract no. 96) Kort JJ, Jalonen Y Further, electrophysiological single channel measurements on CD4+ T cells indicate that both gp120 protein and gp41 peptide inhibit oscillations of a-s K+ channels.
97	NUCLEOSOMES ISOLATED FROM THE CELL SURFACE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:70 (abstract no. 97) Watson K, Edwards RJ, Shaunak S, Gooderham NJ, Davies DS The elution position was identical to that of nucleosomes prepared from the nuclear fraction of HPB-All cells. Furthermore, CNA extracted from the anion-exchange pruified material was present as a ladder of approximately 180bp units on agarose gel electrophoresis and is consistent with the structure of nucleosomes.
98	RANDOMIZED PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF INFLUENZA VACCINATION AND HIV-1 VIRAL LOAD (VL). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:71 (abstract no. 98) Glesby MJ, Hoover DR, Farzadegan H, Margolick J, Donnenberg A, Miotti P, Taylor E, Gallant J, Saah AJ Thus, based on the upper bounds of the 95% confidence limits, this controlled study has ruled out a clinically important adverse effect of influenza vaccination on HIV-1 VL.
99	SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION EXPOSURE DOES NOT APPEAR TO EXACERBATE HIV INFECTION IN GAY MEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:71 (abstract no. 99) Saah AJ, Horn TD, Hoover DR, Chen C, Whitmore SE, Flynn C, Wesch J, Detels R, Anderson R At the very least, these data suggest that phenotypic characteristics of high UVR sensitivity and exposure are not highly correlated with decline in T-helper lymphocyte count or with progression to AIDS.
100	THE EFFECT OF STEROID ON PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CHIMPANZEES AND MACAQUE MONKEYS INFECTED WITH HIV-1 OR SHIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:71 (abstract no. 100) Matano T¹, Shibata R¹, Siemon C¹, Rizvi T², Satterfield WC², Martin MA¹ Virus loads returned to the pretreatment levels following withdrawal of steroid. The effect of intermittent and continuous steroid administration is also being evaluated in macaque monkeys infected with HIV-1/SIV (SHIV) chimeric viruses.
101	M. FASCICULARIS AND M. NEMESTRINA ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTION WITH A DISTINCT HIV-2 ISOLATE AND INFECTIOUS CLONE OF HIV-2 (GB122). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:71 (abstract no. 101) Ellenberger DL, Otten RA, Fridlund CA, Schochetman G, Rayfield MA Preliminary data suggests that cynomolgus and pig-tailed macaques are readily susceptible to infection by HIV-2 infectious clone 165IC and HIV-2GB122 but may in fact differ in their patterns of disease progression.
102	DIFFERENCES IN INFECTIOUSNESS OF HIV-1 VARIANTS IN HU-PBL-SCID MICE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:71 (abstract no. 102) Markham RB, Schwartz D, Xiaofang-Yu, Margolick J, Templeton A, Farzadegan H, Vlahov D These data also suggest that the previously reported increased cytotoxicity of NSI variants in Hu-PBL- SCID mice may be attributable to the increased infectiousness of this viral phenotype in this setting.
103	ANALYSIS OF VIRAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:72 (abstract no. 103) Paul MO¹, Abrams EJ², Romano J³, Pahwa S¹ Culture positivity and higher viral load are possible markers for HIV transmission from mother to child. Plasma virus load (HIV RNA) determination by NASBA is currently under investigation.
104	VIRAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC CORRELATES OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION IN HIV-INFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:72 (abstract no. 104) Pelton S, Langlois M, Craven D, Donegan P, Walker B Absence of anti-p24 antibody was associated with increased risk of transmission. Antibody to gp120 or the V3 sequence of MN was not protective. We attempted to determine if the difference in anti-p24 antibody was due to differences in production or completing of antibody with p24. However, since only free anti-p24 could be measured, and no differences in antibody to other HIV antigens or HCP was identified, we can only speculate that the most likely scenario is completing of anti-p24 with p24.
105	ICD P24 ANTIGEN IN PERINATAL HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:72 (abstract no. 105) Rich KC, Sullivan JL, Janda W, Kalish LA, Lew J, Hofheinz D, Landesman S, Pitt J, Diaz C, Moye J ICD p24 antigen correlates well with other virologic and immunologic measures of disease activity in HIV-infected infants, and is a useful diagnostic test in confirming or excluding HIV infection in perinatally exposed infants 1 month or older.
106	SEMEN-ASSOCIATED NEUTRALIZATION OF CERVICOVAGINAL PH IN CENTRAL AFRICA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:72 (abstract no. 106) Tevi-Benissan C¹, Gresengue G², Si Mohamed A¹, Belec L¹ (i) Frequent persistence of semen in cervicovaginal secretions from heterosexually active African women leads to a shift from acidity to neutrality, that could favor male-to-female HIV transmission; (ii) Vaginal douching is costless, depends only of the female's decision, permits to eliminate significant amount of semen after sexual intercourse, and possibly could be used for preventing heterosexual HIV transmission in developing countries.
107	TRANSMISSION RATES OF HIV INFECTION FROM SEROPOSITIVE MALE BLOOD DONORS TO THEIR WIVES ACCORDING TO THEIR CD4 LYMPHOCYTE LEVELS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:72 (abstract no. 107) Nelson KE¹, Suryanon V², Rungruengthanakit K², Niyomthai S³, Margolick J¹, de Boer M¹, Kuntolbutra S¹ The HIV-1 subtype E virus appears highly infectious by heterosexual contact. Our data suggest that sexual transmission frequently occurs when CD4 lymphocyte levels are high.
108	ORAL LESIONS AMONG CRACK SMOKERS IN THREE INNER-CITY NEIGHBOROODS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HIV TRANSMISSION THROUGH ORAL SEX. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:73 (abstract no. 108) Faruque S, Edlin BR, McCoy CB, Word CO, Larsen SA, Schmid DS, Von Bargen JC, Serrano Y This study confirms that crack smokers have a high prevalence of oral lesions and provides evidence that, albeit infrequently, these lesions may facilitate oral transmission of HIV.
109	OUTBREAK VANCOUVER: WHY IS HIV SPREADING AMONG INJECTION DRUG USERS (IDU) IN A CITY WITH LONGSTANDING NEEDLE EXCHANGE AND OUTREACH SERVICES? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:73 (abstract no. 109) Patrick DM, Strathdee SA, Archibald CP, Offner M, Craib KJ, Cornelisse PG, Rekart ML, O'Shaughnessy MV Needle sharing continues to play a key role in HIV transmission in Vancouver. The role of unstable housing requires further investigation.
110	HEPATOTOXICITY AND RASH IN SUBJECTS RECEIVING ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) AND ZALCITABINE (DDC) CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS AFTER NEEDLESTICK INJURIES (NSI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:73 (abstract no. 110) Henry K, Acosta EP, Erice A, Fletcher CV, Jochimsen E These reports provide evidence of a severe idiosyncratic adverse reaction to combined ZDV/ddC therapy that is not likely due to elevated plasma drug concentrations. We recommend careful followup when using combinations of anti-HIV drugs in this setting.
111	A PEER EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR ADOLESCENTS IN RURAL UGANDA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:73 (abstract no. 111) Mukherjee JS, Osborn G The results of the implementation phase of the first adolescent peer AIDS education program used in Uganda suggests that it is an effective means of bringing this important information to the next generation of Ugandans and of increasing community awareness and dialogue about AIDS.
112	HIV-1 SEROPREVALENCE AMONG CRACK USERS ATTENDING NYC SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE CLINICS, 1990-1994. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:73 (abstract no. 112) Murrill CS, Torian LV, Makki HA, Dicamillo LM, Benson DA, Economou AN, Toribio FE, Weisfuse IB These data demonstrate an excess in HIV-1 seroprevalence among crack users attending STD clinics. Documentation of such use is most likely underascertained. The data support the need for the integration of prevention services focusing on the association between sexual risk exposures and drug use.
113	HIV SEROPREVALENCE TRENDS IN PATIENTS PRESENTING TO A PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN NYC WITH ADMISSIONS RELATED TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE. 1991-1994. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:74 (abstract no. 113) Vavagiakis P, Torian LV, Makki HA, Brennessel D, Weisfuse IB While HIV seroprevalence decreased in both alcohol and drug-related admissions these data suggest that P is increasing in females admitted for alcohol-related conditions. This increase suggests that HIV counseling and testing programs should not be limited to patients with admitting diagnoses traditionally associated with HIV but rather should extend to patients admitted for other substance use as well. The fact that ETOH users may also use other drugs, which may result in sexual and/or parenteral exposures, should be investigated.
114	ESTIMATING HIV SEROINCIDENCE AMONG INJECTION DRUG USERS ENTERING DRUG TREATMENT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:74 (abstract no. 114) Prevots DR, Gwinn M, Hunt KV, Linley L, Spruill C, Petersen L The proportion of participants obtaining any needles from needle exchange programs ranged from 11% in Los Angeles to 58% New York City and 73% in Seattle. Continued surveillance of incident and prevalent infection is needed to evaluate the impact of preventive measures among injection drug users.
115	DROP IN HIV SEROPREVALENCE RATES AMONG MEN AND WOMEN ENTERING MA PRISONS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:74 (abstract no. 115) Werner B, Eastman E, Gagnon T, Demaria A, Timperi R Community and prison prevention and education efforts have expanded in the years between these studies. Additional short term HIV seroprevalence studies are planned for those entering state prisons and selected county jail facilities to assess the effectiveness of these programs and to confirm the lower overall positivity seen in 1995.
116	FOUR YEAR HIV SERO-INCIDENCE AT COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, CHICAGO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:74 (abstract no. 116) Sherer R, Cohen G, Cohen M, Williamson M, Addams C, Jones-Redmond S, Jasek J We found a 2.6% HIV sero-incidence among 420 individuals presenting for repeat HIV C&T at CCH from 1990-1994. Additional strategies for HIV prevention in US public hospitals are needed; further study of HIV vaccine trials is warranted in this population.
117	ABSENCE OF HIV-2 INFECTION IN A U.S. POPULATION AT HIGH RISK FOR INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:74 (abstract no. 117) Irwin KL, Olivo N, Schable C, Weber JT, Janssen R, Ernst J Our study suggests that HIV-2 infection in the U.S. is uncommon, even in a population that is potentially at high risk for this infection. Thus, in clinical settings unrelated to blood banking, it is more appropriate to offer HIV-2 testing to persons specifically at risk for HIV-2 than to universally offer it in conjunction with HIV-1 testing. Because weak reactivity to HIV-2 antibody is best explained by cross reactivity with HIV-1, false-positive EIA results are far more likely than true infections in communities with low HIV-2 prevalence.
118	THE HIV NETWORK FOR EFFICACY TRIALS (HIVNET) VACCINE PREPAREDNESS STUDY (VPS): GOALS AND CURRENT STATUS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:74 (abstract no. 118) Seage G, Metzger D These data suggest that a domestic cohort at high risk of HIV infection can be rapidly enrolled into a vaccine preparedness study, using a single protocol and data collection instruments across varied and diverse communities. Further follow-up will determine if seroincidence and retention would be adequate to conduct HIV vaccine trials.
119	HIV PREVALENCE IN A COHORT OF MALE AND FEMALE STD CLINIC USERS IN NORTHERN THAILAND. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:75 (abstract no. 119) Beyrer C, Khamboonruang C, Natpratan C, Celentano DD, Nelson KE STD clinic and HIV test site users in northern Thailand are an important risk population to evaluate and for controlled trials to prevent HIV infections.
120	HIV-1 SEROPREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE IN THREE UGANDAN MILITARY COHORTS OVER TIME. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:75 (abstract no. 120) Horn D, Mugyenyi P, Loughlin A, Johnson J, George K, Svilar G, Mugerwa R, Ellner J These results demonstrate that Ugandan military recruits demonstrate a high but stable HIV-1 seroprevalence rate since 1992. The separate and combined seroincidence rates continue to indicate that the Ugandan military is a suitable population for future interventional research.
121	AIDS IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN NEW YORK CITY: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:75 (abstract no. 121) Storck CF, Williams RD, Fordyce EJ, Chiasson MA, Singh T, Forlenza SW 1)Most HCW with AIDS had risk factors for AIDS. 2) HCW/NIR were more likely to be female, older and Black/Hispanic 3) EMT and housekeeper occupations were more likely not to report AIDS-associated risk factors.
122	HIV TRANSMISSION THROUGH BLOOD TRANSFUSION: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND APPROACHES TO RECIPIENT IDENTIFICATION AND NOTIFICATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:75 (abstract no. 122) Gill MJ, Townes D, Allaire S, Myers G Lookback approach facilitated rapid identification of HIV infected recipients. Traceback approaches were very labour intensive but did identify infected donors and facilitate notification of other recipients unaware of their infection.
123	THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF AIDS ON LIFE EXPECTANCY IN NEW YORK CITY: 1983-92. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:75 (abstract no. 123) Fordyce EJ, Shum R, Singh T, Berenson L, Forlenza S HIV/AIDS and external causes of death are becoming more important than degenerative diseases in explaining trends in survival in New York City. Future gains in longevity may require greater emphasis on prevention programs.
124	EVALUATION OF CD4 LAB-BASED REPORTING OF AIDS CASES IN NYC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:75 (abstract no. 124) Bornschlegel K, Thomas P, Smith P, Singh T, Williams R, Mikl J, Ly S, Rosas P, Forlenza S Early laboratory-based reports, from a limited number of labs, have been more likely than other AIDS case reports to be white, men, MSM, and outpatients, and to have higher median CD4.
125	CID: A COMPUTERIZED, INTERACTIVE DATABASE FOR AIDS CARE AND RESEARCH. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:76 (abstract no. 125) Walker C, Bielefeld R, Salata R, Cargill V, Gripshover B, Lederman M Summary lists and reports can be generated from any one or a combination of captured parameters for epidemiological studies or to identify patients eligible for research protocols. This flexible, interactive, three-dimensional database provides real-time, corrected patient information to support clinical care and clinical research.
126	THE ACCURACY OF DEATH CERTIFICATES IN HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:76 (abstract no. 126) Kravcik S, Gilbert L, Hawley-Foss N, Cameron DW The limited accuracy of data from death certificates is well known; we have measured this inaccuracy in an unselected series of cases associated with a dedicated HIV clinic in a tertiary care hospital.
127	HTLV 1/2 AND HIV INFECTION IN DRUG ADDICTS (DA). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:76 (abstract no. 127) Esposito C, Cuoho N, Norelli F, Dispirito A, Tarro G The presence of HTLV-2 positivity moreover among III and IV AIDS groups, according to the CDC classification, leads to the hypothesis of an etiopathogenetic infection role during AIDS and its possible role in the HIV disease progression.
128	FIRST CASE OF HIV-1 GROUP O INFECTION IN SPAIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:76 (abstract no. 128) Soriano V, Gutierrez M, Garcia-Lerma G, Mas A, Bravo R, Aguilera O, Perez-Labad ML, Gonzalez-Lahoz J The reported case in a Spanish born person stress the possibility of spreading of divergent HIV-1 isolates worldwide, and reinforce the convenience of periodical surveillance studies at international level in order to adapt the screening serological tests as new faces of the HIV epidemic are appearing.
129	MATERNAL ZIDOVUDINE(ZDV) USE AND THE VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1 (VT). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:76 (abstract no. 129) Oliveira RH, Mitchell C, Gomez-Marin O, O'Sullivan MJ, Alfonso C, Scott G Although not statistically significant, due to small sample sizes in each Co, these preliminary results indicate that different ZDV regimens may reduce VT.
130	FIRST REPORT OF AN HIV-1 INFECTED LONG-TERM SURVIVING MOTHER-CHILD PAIR: MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF VIRUS FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:77 (abstract no. 130) Saksena N, Ge YC, Wang B, Cunningham A, Dwyer D, Ziegler J, Palasanthiran P These analyses provide the first evidence of HIV-1 infection in a long-surviving mother-child pair and this study has the potential to provide deeper insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis in LTNs.
131	HIV-1 GROUP O VIRUS MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:77 (abstract no. 131) Chaix ML, Chappey C, Burgard M, Letourneur F, Igual J, Saragosti S, Rouzioux C We report the first case of HIV-1 group O mother-to-child transmission. The evolution of sequences of the infected child reveals a high intravariability, probably in agreement with the development of a severe form of the disease.
132	AZT RESISTANCE AND HIV-1 MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:77 (abstract no. 132) Weiser B, Burger H, Weislow O, Fang G, Nachman S, Tropper P, Mayers D This study documents mother-to-child transmission of AZT-resistant HIV-1 from mothers with high viral loads who developed AZT resistance during pregnancy. These data illustrate that assay of plasma HIV-I RNA level and AZT resistance by PCR may help to monitor the efficacy of antiviral therapy during pregnancy. They suggest that multiple therapeutic approaches may be necessary to reduce maternal viral load and prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.
133	COMPARISON OF AZT AND DDI AS FIRST-LINE TREATMENTS IN PREVIOUSLY UNTREATED PATIENTS WITH MILDLY SYMPTOMATIC HIV DISEASE. A RANDOMISED, MULTICENTER STUDY (ISS 902). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:77 (abstract no. 133) Vella S, Floridia M, Seeber AC, Tomino C, Fragola V, Chiesi A, Weimer LE The analysis of progression to AIDS or death showed however that the ddI/AZT RR of progression was not constant over time, with a lower risk of progression in the first 18 months for AZT-treated patients (crude ddI/AZT RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.99-2.11), and an opposite trend, favouring ddI thereafter: inclusion of linear change in RR showed an annual declining rate of the ddI/AZT RR of 0.5 (95% CI 0.32-0.78, p=0.002). Different causes possibly responsible for this phenomenon have been analysed, including differences of efficacy of the two drugs according to the CD4 status at baseline and adherence to allocated treatment.
134	SAFETY PROFILE OF LAMIVUDINE (3TC) IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED HIV-INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:77 (abstract no. 134) Fong IW The most frequent side effects were hair loss 5 (13.9%), neuritis 5 (13.9%), anaemia 4 (11.1%), leucopenia 4 (11.1%) with 2 severe neutropenia (< 500 cell), nausea and vomiting 3 (8.3%). 3TC is less well tolerated in advanced HIV disease, compared to reports in earlier stages of the disease, and can cause serious side effects.
135	CHARACTERIZATION OF A SUBGROUP OF LONG-TERM ZIDOVUDINE-RESPONDERS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:78 (abstract no. 135) Mas A, Heredia A, Vallejo A, Soriano V, Bravo R, Moreno V, Martinez P, Hewlett I, Glez-Lahoz J a prolonged immunological benefit can be observed in some subjects with mild immunological deterioration, ongoing ZDV monotherapy. This effect seems to be associated with a characteristic virological profile, in which a low viral load is the most relevant finding. The prevalence and impact of ZDV resistance mutations in these patients will be discussed.
136	PLASMA HIV RNA LEVELS DURING STAVUDINE (D4T) THERAPY OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:78 (abstract no. 136) Gowland PL, Cone RW, Opravil M, Ruef C, Wittmer M, Luthy R One month of d4T therapy produced a small but significant reduction in the plasma HIV-1 RNA load in our patients with advanced HIV disease.
137	THE EFFECT OF DIDANOSINE (DDI) VS CONTINUED ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) ON PLASMA VIREMIA AMONG HIV INFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH AT LEAST 6 MONTHS OF PRIOR ZDV THERAPY (CTN 002). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:78 (abstract no. 137) Conway B, Montaner JS, Raboud JM, Rae S, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT and the CTN 002 Study Group Our preliminary data shows a significant decrease in viral load among patients who switch to ddI after 6 months of ZDV therapy.
138	A PHASE I TRIAL OF VESNARINONE IN HIV-INFECTED PERSONS WITH CD4+ CELLS COUNTS > 200 CELLS/μl. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:78 (abstract no. 138) Kiat R, Tirawatnapong S, Ubolyam S, Suthapinthu P, Nookhai S, Aihara K, Ohi H, Adachi M, Phanuphak Vesnarinone 60 mg/day is well tolerated and is a promising candidate of anti-HIV agent for further phase II control study.
139	DOSE-ESCALATING PHARMACOKINETICS OF AZT-P-DDI (LVX-E-59) AFTER SHORT-TERM INTRAVENOUS INFUSION AND ORAL ADMINISTRATION IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:78 (abstract no. 139) Zhou XJ, Squires K, Bernhard S, Deloach L, Duchin KL, Sommadossi JP High oral bioavailability of AZT and ddI with values of 74 % and 43%, respectively, and large tissue distribution as evidenced by Vss of 207.7 and 125.31 for AZT and ddI further demonstrate favorable pharmacologic properties of IVX-E-59 and warrant subsequent clinical trials.
140	PHASE I/II RANDOMIZED, OPEN-LABEL STUDY OF ORAL CURCUMIN SAFETY, AND ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS ON HIV-RT PCR IN HIV+ INDIVIDUALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:78 (abstract no. 140) Hellinger JA, Cohen CJ, Dugan ME, Day JM, Cavanaugh JF, Glidden D Overall, neither high low dose curcumin appears to significantly decrease HIV-RNA copy number, or to change CD4⁺ cell counts. A mixed effects model was fit which included main effects for treatment, drug week, immediate\delay, with a treatment by week interaction. This model found that the dosing group had no effect on RNA copy number (χ² df 3,= 2.41, p= 0.49), or CD4⁺lymphocytes (χ² df3,=3.54, p=0.32). Steady state drug level testing is pending.
141	DURATION OF EFFECT OF NEVIRAPINE (NVP), A CROSS-TRIAL ANALYSIS OF THREE CONTROLLED STUDIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:79 (abstract no. 141) Hall D, Robinson P, Cort S, Kohlbrenner V, Leitz G, Myers M NVP prolongs the time markers turn to baseline. The duration of NVP effect in combination therapy with nucleosides is influenced by patient population and choice of nucleosides. CD4+ count, highly variable with multiplicative measurement error, tended to underestimate the duration of treatment effect.
142	VIROLOGICAL EFFICACY OF STAVUDINE VS PLACEBO IN EARLY HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:79 (abstract no. 142) Calvez V, Fauveau V, Ferchal F, Van PN, Katlama C, Nicolas JC, Morinet F, Agut H A dose-dependent efficacy of stavudine was observed as compared to placebo in asymptomatic subjects with high CD4 cell count. The analysis of cell culture and plasma RNA viremias provided concordant significant results. Implications for the design of future virological evaluations will be discussed.
143	COADMINISTRATION WITH RITONAVIR ENHANCES THE PLASMA LEVELS OF HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS BY INHIBITION OF CYTOCHROME P450. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:79 (abstract no. 143) Kempf D, Marsh K, Denissen J, Kumar G, Rodrigues D, McDonald E, Flentge C, Green B, Chen X, Leonard J, Norbeck D Since the emergence of resistant mutants is inversely related to drug levels, these results suggest that combination therapy of ritonavir and other peptidomimetic protease inhibitors will produce a sustained antiviral effect in vivo. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic enhancement of agents with resistance profiles orthogonal to that of ritonavir (e.g. saquinavir) suggests a two-dimensional synergy for AIDS therapy.
144	IN VITRO AND IN VIVO METABOLISM AND CYTOCHROME P450 INDUCTION STUDIES WITH THE HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITOR, VIRACEPT (AG1343). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:79 (abstract no. 144) Webber S, Shetty B, Wu E, Zorbas M The parallel, but species-specific modulation in CYP3A activity and microsomal AG1343 metabolism demonstrated in these studies for both rats and monkeys following repeat-dose oral treatment with AG1343, suggests an involvement of this P450 isoenzyme in AG1343 hepatic metabolism. Studies are ongoing to correlate these findings with the results of in vitro microsomal metabolism studies of AG1343 in human microsome preparations.
145	IN VIVO EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE TO THE HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITOR INDINAVIR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:80 (abstract no. 145) Condra JH, Schleif WA, Blahy OM, Danovich RM, Gabryelski LJ, Graham DJ, Quintero JC, Rhodes A, Robbins HL, Roth E, Shivaprakash M, Titus D, Yang T, Chodakewitz JA, Deutsch PJ, Holder DJ, Emini EA The existence of these multiple, overlapping cross-resistance patterns strongly suggests that initial therapy with any one of these protease inhibitors may select for mutations that will facilitate the emergence of resistance to a second inhibitor given later. Taken together, these observations also indicate that therapy should begin with the highest safe dose of the most efficacious inhibitor(s) available, to provide both a greater barrier to resistance selection and to suppress the viral replication required for this selection.
146	EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THE HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR INDINAVIR SULFATE (MK 639) AT ESCALATING DOSES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:80 (abstract no. 146) Steigbigel RT, Berry P, Mellors J, McMahon D, Teppler H, Stein D, Drusano G, Deutsch P, Yeh K, Hildebrand C, Nessly M, Emini E, Chodakewitz J Differences between groups were not statistically discernible. The major reported clinical adverse event was transient nephrolithiasis, usually not requiring stopping medication. MK 639 was generally well tolerated and appeared to be a potent inhibitor of HIV as evidenced by large and persistent falls in HIV RNA as well as increases in CD4 cell count. A dose of 800 mg q8h was selected for further evaluation in phase Ill studies.
147	FOLLOW UP DATA FROM AN OPEN LABEL PHASE 1 EVALUATION OF THE HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR MK-639. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:80 (abstract no. 147) Stein DS, Fish DG, Chodakewitz J, Emini E, Hildebrand C, Preston SL, Macdonald C, Drusano GL The patients' weights increased an average of 3.5 kg and remained stable. MK-639 appears to have significant antiviral activity and is well tolerated. Further evaluation of higher doses is ongoing.
148	MODELING OF THE CHANGE IN CD4 CELL COUNTS IN PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER RECEIVING THE HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR MK-639 (INDINAVIR). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:80 (abstract no. 148) Stein DS, Drusano GL Halflife of CD4 return was not associated with starting CD4 count. As expected, CD4 at start was significantly associated with KLN-OUT2 (r²=0.79) & KLN-OUT2 was significantly associated with the size of the CD4 cell change (r²=0.84, p < 0.0001) over 24 weeks.
149	PH DEPENDENCE OF HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITION BY PYRANONES AND 5,6-DIHYDROPYRANONES: RELEVANCE TO CELLULAR ANTI-HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:80 (abstract no. 149) Tummino PJ, Nouhan CJ, Graham M, Hagen SE, Tait BD, VaraPrasad JV, Lunney E, Hupe The results are discussed in terms of a protonation/deprotonation model for the enzyme and inhibitor, and in relation to structural data.
150	CGP 61755 A NOVEL AND POTENT HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITOR WITH A SUITABLE PROFILE FOR CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:80 (abstract no. 150) Lazdins JK In conclusion, the relative ease of chemical synthesis, high potency and specificity, low effect of protein binding, potential for combination therapy and satisfactory PK provides a highly desirable profile that justifies further evaluation of CGP 61755 in humans.
151	ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF THE PROTEASE INHIBITOR KNI-272 IN VIVO IN THE HIV-INFECTED HUPBMC-SCID MOUSE MODEL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:81 (abstract no. 151) Black PL, Wood OL, Broud DD, Bacho M, Kunder SC, Papermaster S, Kiso Y, Ussery MA The antiviral effect of KNI-272 at 100 mg/kg/day was again observed in PC, LN, and blood cells (but not splenocytes), but the magnitude of the antiviral effects was more modest than in the previous experiment. Further experiments are under-way to confirm and expand these results.
152	GENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL VARIATION OCCURS IN HIV-1 PROTEASE ALLELES WITHIN INFECTED MOTHERS AND CHILDREN IN THE ABSENCE OF PROTEASE INHIBITORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:81 (abstract no. 152) Perez EE, Leelamanit W, Barrie KA, Lamers SL, Farmerie WG, Sleasman JW, Dunn BM, Goodenow MM Bacterially expressed proteases were extracted, purified, and tested for enzymatic activity on a panel of oligopeptide substrates related to junction B in the gag region and against a panel of inhibitors. Although catalytic activities of five natural protease variants were similar to HIV-1LAI, differences in inhibitor binding and vitality values were observed. Two variants yielded no activity as a result of a substitution of arginine for glycine at position 86.
153	U-103017: PHASE I, MULTIPLE-DOSE, SAFETY, TOLERANCE, AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE ORAL DISODIUM SALT IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:81 (abstract no. 153) Batts DH, Borin MT, Peel BG, Hanover CK, Brewer JE, Francom SF, Dieiz AJ Oral clearance of U-103017 averaged 4.6 L/h on Day 1 and increased to 7.4 L/h after 10.25 days of multiple dosing, suggestive of enzyme induction. Mean steady-state U-103017 concentrations were 9.0 and 20 micromolar and average trough levels were 2.6 and 4.2 micromolar for the 200 mg (n=l0) and 400 mg (n=l1) dose levels, respectively. There were increases in ALT in subjects in both dosing groups (Grade II in one subject). There was no apparent correlation between total drug exposure and ALT elevation. Dose escalation beyond 400 mg QID was terminated due to the increases in hepatic enzymes.
154	RAPID SCREENING OF HIV-1 ISOLATES FOR RESISTANCE TO PROTEASE INHIBITORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:81 (abstract no. 154) Vasudevachari MB, Zhang Y-M, Ichi H, Imamichi T, Falloon JC, Salzman NP HindII analysis of uncloned PCR DNA offers quick screening of virus isolates for mutations at amino acid residues 82 and 90 of the HIV-1 protease region.
155	REDUCED HIV SENSITIVITY DURING TREATMENT WITH THE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR SAQUINAVIR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:81 (abstract no. 155) Duncan IB, Jacobsen H, Owen S, Roberts NA Saquinavir appears to be well-suited to first-line monotherapy or combination therapy usage without prejudicing subsequent or concurrent use of other proteinase inhibitors.
156	CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1) ISOLATES WITH REDUCED SENSITIVITY TO HYDROXYETHYLUREA ISOSTERE CONTAINING PROTEASE INHIBITORS IN VITRO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:81 (abstract no. 156) Potts KE, Smid ML, Tucker SP, Stiebel TR, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Wiegand RC The results of molecular modeling studies to provide insight into the ability of specific amino acid substitutions to confer resistance to SC-52151, SC-55389A, or structurally unrelated inhibitors will be presented.
157	A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED PILOT TRIAL OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN AS ADJUVANT THERAPY TO GANCICLOVIR FOR THE TREATMENT OF CMV RETINITIS IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:82 (abstract no. 157) Kumar PN, Palestine A, Timpone JG, Sacher RA, Ward DJ, Trock BJ, Pierce PF Postulated mechanisms for lack of efficacy include underlying differences in the pathogenesis of CMV disease, the compounding effect of IVIG on graft versus host disease, inability to quantitate antibodies to gB and bH in a polyclonal preparation of IVIG and the poor penetration of IVIG across the blood retinal barrier.
158	CMV PNEUMONITIS IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:82 (abstract no. 158) Kumar PN, O'Donnell AE, Young MA, Timpone JG, Pierce PF CMV pneumonitis is a clinically relevant manifestation of advanced HIV disease and carries a poor prognosis.
159	USE OF THE DIGENE HYBRID CAPTURE SYSTEM (DHCS) FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETECTION OF HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) VIREMIA IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:82 (abstract no. 159) Mazzulli T, Wood S, Walmsley S, Chua R The correlation coefficient for the quantitative results obtained by DHCS and AG was 0.83. Intra- and inter-run precision of DHCS using the manufacturer's positive control gave coefficients of variation of 17.8 and 16.3, respectively. Our results suggest that the DHCS can reliably detect and quantitate CMV viremia and may be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of CMV infection in HIV-infected patients.
160	ACTIVATION OF HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS PROTEASE BY DIMERIZATION Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:82 (abstract no. 160) Darke P, Cole J, Waxman L, Hall D, Mohinder S, Cuo L. Using this model, the dissociation constant of the protease is 7 μM at 30 �C in 10% glycerol at pH 7.5. Since the active form of the enzyme is a dimer that readily dissociates, there are implications for inhibitor discovery that will be discussed.
161	CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PRESENTING AS A MASS LESION IN TWO PATIENTS WITH AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:82 (abstract no. 161) Ortiz O, Javaly K, Simberkoff M An autopsy performed revealed CMV inclusions at the site of previous mass lesion. Mass lesions in the CNS due to CMV should be considered in AIDS patients who fail to respond to empiric anti-toxoplamosis therapy with or without a history of CMV infections. Brain biopsy may be helpful for early diagnosis.
162	USE OF PCR TO CORRELATE VIROLOGIC PARAMETERS WITH PROGRESSION OF CMV RETINITIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:83 (abstract no. 162) Bowen EF, Wilson P, Cope A, Johnson MA, Griffiths PD, Emery VC The results suggest that the pathogenesis of retinitis is affected by initial virus load and detection of CMV during maintenance. To date, the cohort has 50 patients and updated results regarding response of HCMV load to both induction and maintenance therapy in relation to clinical progression will be presented.
163	LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN CMV INFECTION AND CENTRAL NEUROLOGICAL COMPROMISE IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:83 (abstract no. 163) Jones CA, Burchett SK While CNS impaired HIV-infected children with moderate to severe immunosuppression were more likely to be CMV infected; contrary to our hypothesis, CMV co-infection was not associated with significant CNS impairment.
164	DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSENSUS ASSAY TO DETERMINE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CLINICAL ISOLATES OF CMV TO ANTIVIRAL THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:83 (abstract no. 164) Crumpacker C, Landry CM, Stanat S, Drew L, Lurain N, Britt W, Manichewitz J, Spector S, Mostafa N, Weinberg A, Biron K, Lieberman BY, Gilliam B, Chou SW, Martin-Munley S, Verheyden J, Reichelderfer P, Erice A This consensus assay is the first rigorously and statistically evaluated approach to measure susceptibility of clinical CMV isolates.
165	Efficacy of therapy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:83 (abstract no. 165) Moses A, Mortimer C, Salit I, Fletcher D, Gold W, Conly J, Vellend H, Walmsley SL The average time to first progression of CMV retinitis is longer than previously reported, 91 days on foscarnet and 125 days on ganciclovir, and maybe related to longer induction periods.
166	QUANTITATION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) LOAD IN BLOOD FRACTIONS OF PATIENTS WITH AIDS: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT LABORATORY METHODS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:83 (abstract no. 166) Erice A, Crumpacker C, Britt W, Drew WI, Hillam R, Kao S, Kolberg J, Landry M, Lurain N, Manischewitz J, Nokta M, Spector S, Weinberg A, Yen-Liberman B, Brambilla D, Reichelderfer P Nine independent laboratories compared several quantitative assays for CMV in PBMC and PL fractions of 15 HIV-infected individuals. Quantitation of CMV load in PBMC fractions was assessed using a CMV antigenemia assay (Incstar) and a branched-DNA assay (Chiron). CMV load in PL fractions was determined using a prototype. quantitative PCR assay (Roche) and a quantitative PCR assay. Results of these evaluations will be presented.
167	PHASE I, PILOT STUDY OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF FOSCARNET (PFA) CREAM FOR TREATMENT (RX) OF ACYCLOVIR-UNRESPONSIVE (ACV-R) HERPES SIMPLEX (HSV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:83 (abstract no. 167) Hardy D, Javaly K, Wohlfeiler M, Kalayjian R, Klein T, Bryson Y, Graford K, Martin-Munley S Topical 1% PFA cream appears to be a safe and effective therapy for ACV-R HSV in AIDS.
168	CLINICAL FEATURES OF VARICELLA-ZOSTER-VIRUS (VZV) ASSOCIATED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) COMPLICATIONS EVIDENCED BY VZV- PCR IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF): 50 CASES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:84 (abstract no. 168) De La Blanchardiere A,Salmon-Ceron D, Sicard D, Lebon P, Rozenberg F VZV- PCR in the CSF, performed even in absence of zoster, should help to the diagnosis of acute unexplained neurological manifestations, in HIV or other immunocompromised pts. Treatment should be started before the virological results. More aggressive therapy should be experienced.
169	RECOMBINANT INTERFERON THERAPY FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS C IN PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:84 (abstract no. 169) Szebenyi S, Piliero PJ, Bartholomew C, Bauder G, Mckenna B, Stellrecht K, Ramnes C To date 16 patients (12 men, 4 women) have been enrolled: 8 on both the 3M U TIW and 5M U TIW arm. 3 patients receiving IFN-α 5M U TIW have completed 6 months of therapy: 1/3 is now serum HCV-RNA PCR negative; 1 liver biopsy shows improvement, 1 liver biopsy is unchanged, and 1 liver biopsy is pending. 2 patients receiving IFN-α 3M U TIW have completed 6 months of therapy: both remain serum HCV-RNA PCR positive, and have been switched to IFN-α 5M TIW for an additional 6 months. 3 patients have been withdrawn from study drug: 1 because of toxicity. Data will be presented on all 16 patients at the conference. This represents the largest series of IFN-α treatment for chronic HCV in HIV-infected patients.
170	PLASMA α1-ACID GLYCOPROTEIN IS REDUCED IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS CO-INFECTED WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:84 (abstract no. 170) Stellrecht K, Drusano GL, Stein DS, Bilello JA Since α₁-AGP is produced by the liver it would not be surprising to see its synthesis is reduced in patients with impaired liver function due to HCV infection.
171	ALFA-INTERFERON TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS C IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:84 (abstract no. 171) Soriano V, Garcia-Samaniego J, Bravo R, Gonzalez J, Castro A, Castilla J, Mtnez-Odriozola P, Colmenero M, Carballo E, Suarez D, Rdez-Pinero FJ, Moreno A, Romero J, Pedreira J, Gonzalez-Lahoz J A high CD4+ T-cell count and a low HCV viraemia are predictive factors of response to IFN in HIV (+) patients with chronic hepatitis C. However, the development of CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia is a serious side effect occurring in some HIV (+) patients after beginning IFN therapy.
172	ANALYSIS OF BONE MARROW (BM) FROM AIDS PATIENTS FOR HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19 (B19): AN AUTOPSY STUDY OF 50 CASES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:84 (abstract no. 172) Ndimbie OK, Jordan JA, Contis L, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR, Swerdlow SH These results demonstrate a 16% prevalence of B19 infection in AIDS patients at autopsy. In summary, morphologic characteristics were not predictive of ISH results indicating the need for additional testing to diagnose accurately B19 infection in the AIDS patient.
173	COMBINATION GANCICLOVIR AND FOSCARNET IN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) RELATED NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES IN AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:84 (abstract no. 173) Couderc L-J, Honderlick P, Gozlan J, Frachon I, Balloul E, Caubarrere I Combination therapy led to rapid clinical improvement and was well tolerated.
174	A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLINDED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF CIDOFOVIR TOPICAL GEL FOR ACYCLOVIR-RESISTANT HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:85 (abstract no. 174) Lalezari J¹, Jaffe HS², Schacker T³, Feinberg J⁴, Lee S⁵, Gathe J⁶, Kramer F⁷, Kessler H⁸, Cheung T⁹, Mcguire B², Safrin S¹⁰ Twenty-two patients had indicator lesion(s) in anal and 5 in genital regions. Previous HSV therapies besides ACV included foscarnet (10 patients) and trifluridine (4 patients). As of October 1, 1995, the study remains blinded. Safety and efficacy results obtained during the blinded phase of the study will be presented.
175	APPARENT TRANSIENT MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM BACTEREMIA: INCIDENCE, LABORATORY FEATURES, AND CLINICAL CORRELATES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:85 (abstract no. 175) Burman W, Morgan M, Stone B, Reves R, Rietmeijer C Up to 19% of AIDS patients had a negative follow-up culture after an initial positive blood culture for MAC. The specimens with discordant follow-up cultures had low colony counts and usually grew in only one culture medium. These patients may have had transient mycobacteremia, though other explanations are that the mycobacteremia was at the lower limits of laboratory detection or that there was exogenous contamination of blood cultures.
176	RELAPSE OF DISSEMINATED MYCOBACTERIUN AVIUM COMPLEX DISEASE AND EMERGENCE OF RESISTANCE TO CLARITHROMYCIN DESPITE TREATMENT WITH A MULTIDRUG REGIMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:85 (abstract no. 176) Burman W, Reves R, Rietmeijer C, Stone B, Cohn D Relapse with clarithromycin-resistant strains was common in long-term survivors with DMAC, despite the use of a 3 drug regimen. Emergence of resistance may be due to relatively poor activity of ethambutol and clofazimine, malabsorption of these agents, or noncompliance with the multidrug regimen.
177	COMPARISON OF BACTEC 12B VS SOLID MEDIA FOR THE RECOVERY OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX FROM BLOOD CULTURES IN AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:85 (abstract no. 177) Burman B, Stone B, Morgan M, Reves R, Wilson M While the BACTEC 12B bottle was somewhat more sensitive and detected growth earlier, a significant percentage of initial positive cultures were detected only on solid media. Specimens which were positive in only one medium had low colony counts, suggesting that the use of a single culture system for mycobacterial blood culture may decrease the ability to make an early diagnosis of disseminated MAC.
178	EXPERIENCE WITH MAC PROPHYLAXIS IN THE HIV OUTPATIENT STUDY (HOPS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:85 (abstract no. 178) Ward DJ, Fisher DJ, Holmberg SD, Delaney K, Moorman A Evidence suggests that single drug prophylaxis, the current strategy of choice, may be effective in reducing MAC, but toxicity is still a significant clinical problem.
179	RIFABUTIN PROPHYLAXIS OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX BACTEREMIA IN SEVERELY IMMUNOCOMPROMISED AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:86 (abstract no. 179) Maslo C, Bure-Rossler A, Gholizdeh Y, Hadacek B, Girard P-M, Rozenbaum W Despite a high rate of failure, patients with < 10 CD4 lymphocyte/mm³-at the initiation of prevention still have a benefit in rifabutin prophylaxis.
180	COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS OF RIFABUTIN FOR MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX PROPHYLAXIS IN PATIENTS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:86 (abstract no. 180) Bayoumi AM, Redelmeier DA We conclude that initiating rifabutin prophylaxis in patients with HIV infection at a CD4 count of 100 cells/μL is a reasonable clinical strategy, although selecting patients with lower CD4 counts is more cost-effective.
181	PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 AS A MARKER OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM INFECTION HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:86 (abstract no. 181) Gourion V, Bonnet E, Chap H, Fauvel J, Massip P, Ch Auvergnat J PLA2 appeared to be a suitable marker for the follow-up of M. avium infection in patients with AIDS.
182	INCREASES IN CD3+ CD4-CD8- T-LYMPHOCYTES WITH DISSEMINATED MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX INFECTION (D. MAC), TOXOPLASMOSIS, AND KAPOSI SARCOMA IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:86 (abstract no. 182) Moreau JF, Taupin JL, Dupon M, Carron JC, Ragnaud JM, Marimoutou C, Bernard N, Constans J, Monlun E, Maugein J, Barbeau P, Dabis F, Bonneville M, Pellegrin JL An increased percentage of DN T-cells, most of them γ δ TCR⁺, was only seen in patients with D.MAC, toxoplasmosis and Kaposi sarcoma. A multivariate logistic regression identified the increase of DN T-cell percentage as an independent predictor of D. MAC in patients with < 100 CD4⁺ T cells per mm³ and in addition as a better predictor of D. MAC than the CD4⁺ T-cell percentage when a CD4⁺ T-cell cut-off of 50 cells per mm³ was chosen. The increased percentage of DN T-cells may help understand the γ δ T-cell physiology and represent a novel marker for the early diagnosis of D.MAC.
183	DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF RIFABUTIN AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM: COMPARISON OF THREE TECHNIQUES Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:86 (abstract no. 183) Pellegrin I, Lapeyre C, Maugein J, Fischer I, Barbeau P, Pellegrin JL Our study confirm that the MICs of rifabutin against M. avium vary considerably depending on the technique used to determine these values and on the definition of MIC in each model, In this aspect, the MIC values in macrophages may appear very weak compared with those found in 7H12; however. our data corroborate those found by others. (Fattorini L, et al.,Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Mar;39(3):680-5.)
184	OUTCOME OF MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII (MK) INFECTION IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:86 (abstract no. 184) Campo CC, Campo RE MK infection presents late in the course of HIV disease with the lung being the organ most frequently involved. Without therapy or with poor compliance, MK infection progresses and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. Treated, compliant patients tend to do better than untreated or non-compliant patients, although they still suffer significant morbidity and mortality.
185	A TWELVE YEAR EXPERIENCE EXAMINING MYCOBACTERIA KANSASII INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HIV AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:87 (abstract no. 185) Hausrath SG, Borucki MJ, Lockey R, Pollard RB We conclude that M. kansasii, is an opportunistic pathogen of advanced immunosuppression in patients with 6 HIV-infection that it is more often a pathogen than not (3 /51) , and that it usually responds to therapy with either conventional or newly-available agents. In contrast to M. tuberculosis, both M. kansasii and M. avium-complex are less likely to be encountered in an inmate population.
186	SURVIVAL IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:87 (abstract no. 186) Munsiff SS, Alpert P, Gourevitch MN, Klein RS DOT for TB treatment was associated with improved survival, particularly in patients with resistant TB. A history of being an IDU was associated with increased mortality, regardless of drug resistance.
187	TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN ARGENTINA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:87 (abstract no. 187) Villar I, Bortolozzi R, Lupo S, Santarelli M, Reynoso S, Aldana A Therapeutical response was successful in 27 patients; failed in 15 patients and 11 (25%) died because of their complications. The analytic statistics and conclusions will be presented.
188	NASOPHARYNGEAL COLONIZATION BY POTENTIAL PATHOGENS IN HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:87 (abstract no. 188) Kravcik S, Toye B, Gilbert L, Hawley-Foss N, Cameron DW Bacterial colonization was unassociated with CD4 cell count, gender or immunization status. We identify that fungal carriage is associated with CD4 T lymphopenia, and non-albicans yeasts associated with previous azole use. Bacterial carriage is inversely associated with long-term antimicrobial use. Retrospectively identified serious bacterial infections were infrequent (IN= 13) and not associated with bacterial colonization.
189	PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE CARRIAGE ON ADMISSION TO AN AIDS WARD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:87 (abstract no. 189) Molina J-M, Casin I, Hutin Y, Lesprit P, Welker Y, Decazes J-M, Lagrange P, Modai J C. difficile carriage on admission to this AIDS ward was common. Increased age and antibiotic treatments received before admission were the main risk factors. HIV infection per se was not associated with C. difficile carriage. Interestingly, there was an association between C. difficile carriage and a history of CMV infection.
190	PREDICTING THE ETIOLOGY OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN HOSPITALIZED HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:88 (abstract no. 190) Pumerantz AS, Selwyn PA, Durante AJ, Elmore JG, Gourevitch MN Simple clinical features can be very helpful in predicting etiology of BP, PCP and TB in HIV+ patients at presentation, before more definitive results are available. The predictive value of combined symptoms, signs, and lab/x-ray controlling for possible confounders will be discussed.
191	G-CSF USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED BACTEREMIA AND INCREASED SURVIVAL IN NEUTROPENIC, HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:88 (abstract no. 191) Kaiser P, Rademacher S We conclude that G-CSF use is associated with decreased bacterial infections and prolonged survival in neutropenic, HIV infected patients. The survival benefit is not due to the observed decrease in bacterial infections.
192	G-CSF USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS WITH DISSEMINATED MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX INFECTION (DMAC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:88 (abstract no. 192) Kaiser P, Rademacher S This data supports the use of clarithromycin and ethambutol in the treatment of DMAC. Addition of G-CSF to a regimen of clarithromycin and ethambutol may increase survival in DMAC and should be studied prospectively.
193	CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF OUT-PATIENT (OP) CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER (CVC) INFECTIONS IN AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:88 (abstract no. 193) Nerad J, Dries D, Adeyanjou T, Chinburg S In conclusion, because of the increased use of OP long-term indwelling CVCs in AIDS patients and the high therapeutic failure rate reported here. prospective studies should be undertaken to identify risk factors for infection and to optimize treatment and OP catheter care.
194	INFECTIOUS EPISODES IN NEUTROPENIC HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:88 (abstract no. 194) Meynard JL, Guiguet M, Arsac S, Meyohas MC, Frottier J Only three factors were retained in a logistic model : neutropenia in the previous three months (p=0.05), the presence of central venous catheter (p=0.05) and a low trough PNN count (p=0.02). In his study only HIV infected patients with profound neutropenia caused by chemotherapy or lymphoma seems to be at high risk of infection.
195	A PHASE I/II STUDY OF A NOVEL NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE - TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; 1592U89 MONOTHERAPY VS. 1592U89 + ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) OR PLACEBO IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS WITH CD4 COUNTS 200-500/mm�. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:89 (abstract no. 195) Saag M¹, Lancaster D², Sonnerborg A³, Mulder J⁴, Torres R⁵, Schooley R⁶, Harrigan R⁷, Kelleher D⁸, Symonds W⁸ 1592U89 elicited a marked rise in CD4. HIV viral load, measured by quantitative PCR, fell during monotherapy; with an additional drop during the combination phase. Reported Ae's included nausea, headache, and fatigue. Laboratory abnormalities included one patient with elevated alkaline phosphatase and 2 patients with elevated liver enzymes, one of whom also had skin rash with fever which necessitated study drug discontinuation. The preliminary data on viral load and CD4 count, support continued clinical development of 1592U89.
196	STAVUDINE (D4T) IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS WITH CD4 < 350/mm�: RESULTS OF A DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED PLACEBO CONTROLLED STUDY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:89 (abstract no. 196) Katlama C, Molina JM, Rozenbaum W, Valantin MA, Modai J, Chauveau E, Ngo Van P, Gres JJ This study provides evidence for an antiviral efficacy of D4T with a trend to a better efficacy of high dose D4T. A full safety profile and results of extended follow-up will be presented.
197	ANTIVIRAL EFFECT AND SAFETY OF STAVUDINE(D4T) AND DIDANOSINE(DDI) COMBINATION THERAPY IN HIV-INFECTED SUBJECTS IN AN ONGOING PILOT RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLINDED TRIAL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:89 (abstract no. 197) Pollard R, Peterson D, Hardy D, Pedneault L, McLaren C, Skovronski J, Connaughton E, Grosso R, Reynolds L, Rutkiewicz V, Cross A, Dunkle L, Smaldone L The following adverse events led to discontinuation in 6 subjects: grade 2-4 lipase elevation (n=3), abdominal pain (n=2), grade 4 liver transaminase elevation (n=1), grade 3 neutropenia (n=1), and grade 3 depression (n=l). These preliminary findings suggest that d4T + ddI combination therapy has potent antiviral effect and can be safely administered at several dose combinations.
198	52 WEEK FOLLOW-UP OF NUCA 3001: 3TC, ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) OR BOTH IN THE TREATMENT OF HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS WITH CD4 CELL COUNTS OF 200-500 CELLS/mm�. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:89 (abstract no. 198) Eron JJ, Quinn JB, Hill-Price S, Rooney J These data show that the antiviral and immunologic effects of 3TC/ZDV persist through 1 year in a high proportion of subjects who remained on therapy.
199	LONG-TERM SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF LAMIVUDINE (LMV) PLUS ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) COMPARED WITH ZALCITABINE (DDC) PLUS ZDV IN ZDV-EXPERIENCED PATIENTS WITH ABSOLUTE CD4+ CELLS = 100-300/mm�. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:89 (abstract no. 199) Bartlett JA, Johnson VA, Quinn JB, Benoit SL, Rubin M These results demonstrate enduring immunologic and virologic activity for LMV + ZDV over ddC + ZDV therapy through 52 weeks in ZDV-experienced patients with moderately advanced HIV infection.
200	A PHASE II OPEN-LABEL, RANDOMIZED STUDY OF THE TRIPLE COMBINATION OF INDINAVIR, ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) AND DIDANOSINE(DDI) VERSUS INDINAVIR ALONE AND ZIDOVUDINE/DIDANOSINE IN ANTIRETROVIRAL NAÏVE PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:90 (abstract no. 200) Massari F, Conant M, Mellors J, SteigbigeL R, Mildvan D, Greenberg R, Carpenter C, Murphy R, Squires K, Rigsby M, Drusano G, McKinley G, Gilde L, Nessly M The combination of Indinavir with two nucleoside analogues resulted in a greater, more sustained decline in viral RNA. CD4 count increases with Indinavir alone were comparable to triple combination with both groups having more sustained CD4 increases than double nucleoside analogue therapy.
201	LOSS OF SUPPRESSION OF VIRAL REPLICATION BY RITONAVIR (ABT-538) IS QUANTITATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACQUISITION OF GENOTYPIC MUTATIONS AT CODON 82 OF THE HIV-1 PROTEASE GENE Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:90 (abstract no. 201) Eastman PS, Kelso R, Boyer E, Urdea M, Kolberg J, Leonard J, Ho D, Markowitz M A mutation at codon 82 of the HIV protease gene is quantitatively associated with changes in viral load during Ritonavir monotherapy. A mutation at codon 63 may facilitate expansion of the V82 mutant population. Doubling times for the Y82A mutant in the context of a codon 63 mutation are estimated to be on the order of 2 days while representing 0.009% of the baseline virus population.
202	INITIAL COMBINATION THERAPY WITH ZDV+ddI OR ZDV+ddC VS ZDV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:90 (abstract no. 202) Schooley RT, Cooper D, Moore MD, McKinnis R, Rooney JF Long-term follow-up revealed that time to new AIDS-defining event or death was significantly different from ZDV monotherapy for those who received either combination therapy (p=0.03), or ddI+ZDV (P=0.008), but not for ddC+ZDV (p=0.364). Similarly, survival benefit was significantly improved for recipients of either combination (p=0.04) or ddI+ZDV (p= 0.025), but not ddC+ZDV.
203	ONCE WEEKLY AZITHROMYCIN FOR THE PREVENTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX (MAC) INFECTION IN AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:90 (abstract no. 203) Oldfield EC, Dickinson G, Chung R, Wallace MR, Craig DB, Fessel WJ, Joyce MP, Mckee KT, Melcher G, Wagner KF, Williams WJ, Zajdowicz M, Heifits L, Dunne MW, Berman J Discontinuation for reasons related to drug occurred in 7 (7.9%) AZ vs 2 PL (2.2%) (RR= 3.7, P=0.099). The major type of toxicity was gastrointestinal (83.3% in AZ vs. 44% in PL). We conclude that once weekly azithromycin is effective in preventing MAC bacteremia.
204	A DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED STUDY OF WEEKLY AZITHROMYCIN, DAILY RIFABUTIN, AND COMBINATION AZITHROMYCIN AND RIFABUTIN FOR THE PREVENTION OF MYCOBACTETUM AVIUM COMPLEX (MAC) IN AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:90 (abstract no. 204) Havlir DV, Mccutchan JA, Bozzette SA, Dunne M Weekly AZ is an effective alternative to daily RIF for MAC prophylaxis and combination AZ-RIF is more effective than either drug alone.
205	A PHASE III PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF CLARITHROMYCIN (CLA) VS. RIFABUTIN (RBT) VS. CLA+RBT FOR PREVENTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX (MAC) DISEASE IN HIV + PATIENTS WITH CD4 COUNTS < 100 CELLS/μL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:91 (abstract no. 205) Benson CA, Cohn DL, Williams P By the last interim analysis, 250 pts. had died, the median duration of followup was 336 days, and 26% were off study due to death, MAC, or other endpoints; 10% had protocol required discontinuation of study drug for toxicity. The study was closed to follow up 8/3 1/95, is undergoing final analysis, and detailed results will be presented.
206	PREVENTION OF RELAPSE OF MAC BACTEREMIA IN AIDS: A RANDOMIZED STUDY OF CLARITHROMYCIN PLUS CLOFAZIMINE, WITH OR WITHOUT ETHAMBUTOL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:91 (abstract no. 206) Dubé M, Sattler F, Torriani F, See D, Havlir D, Kemper C, Dezfuli M, Bozzette S, Bartok A, Leedom J, Tilles J, McCutchan J A 3-drug regimen of CLR-CLO-EMB was more effective than a 2-drug regimen of CLR-CLO for preventing microbiologic relapse and emergence of CLR resistance in AIDS patients with MAC bacteremia.
207	CLARITHROMYCIN SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND GENETIC PATTERNS OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX (MAC) ISOLATES OF AIDS PATIENTS AT AUTOPSY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:91 (abstract no. 207) Torrianif J, McCutchan JA, Maslow JN, Arbeit RD, Havlir DV 1. Mixtures of resistant and sensitive phenotypes in blood and tissues of identical MAC strains (monoclonal infection) are common in patients on chronic clarithromycin. 2. The sensitivity pattern of the blood isolates appears to be a good predictor of the predominant pattern in tissues. 3. In one patient with polyclonal infection, the presence of resistance in second strains, observed only in the gut and lung, suggests that these are persistent colonizers.
208	PREVENTIVE THERAPY FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV-INFECTED UGANDANS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:91 (abstract no. 208) Okwera A, Vjecha M, Johnson J, Whalen C, Nsubuga P, Loughlin A, Mugerwa R, Ellner J We conclude that preventive therapy with H reduced short-term risk of TB in HIV+ Ugandans with-minimal side effects.
209	RISK FACTORS FOR RELAPSE IN HIV-1 INFECTED ADULTS WITH PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (TB). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:91 (abstract no. 209) Johnson JL, Okwera A, Vjecha MJ, Byekwas0 F, Milberg J, Whalen CC, Mugerwa R, Ellner JJ These data suggest that older patients, poor compliers and those being treated with T-containing regimens may be at greater risk for relapse and may require closer post-treatment surveillance. Relapses were rare in pts. treated with rifampicin-containing regimens.
210	RATE OF DECLINE IN CD4+ COUNT BEFORE TUBERCULOSIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:91 (abstract no. 210) Whalen C, Milberg J, Okwera A, Johnson J, Nsubuga P, Vjecha M, Hom D, Mugerwa R, Ellner J We conclude that the decline in CD4+ is greater in HIV-infected individuals who develop TB compared to those who remain free of disease. These findings are consistent with the notion that TB affects the clinical course of HIV infection.
211	AIDS IN A CHIMPANZEE INFECTED WITH HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:92 (abstract no. 211) Novembre FJ, Saucier MM, Anderson DC, Klumpp SA, Swenson RB, Brodie AR, McClure H While viral loads appear to be high in the PBMC of this animal, plasma p24 antigen has not been detected, possibly due to high levels of anti-HIV-1 antibody. A lymph node biopsy showed severe lymphoid depletion with the absence of germinal centers. These results suggest that HIV-1 can induce AIDS in chimpanzees.
212	PERSISTENT INFECTION AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN MACAQUE MONKEYS INFECTED WITH CHIMERIC HIV- 1/SIV (SHIV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:92 (abstract no. 212) Shibata R, Maldarelli F, Matano T, Martin MA In an attempt to increase the pathogenicity of SHIV inocula, SHIV(MD14), which is similar to SHIV (MD1) but carried the nef gene from SIV, was constructed and used to infect pigtail macaque monkeys.
213	SIV REPLICATION DYNAMICS AS A MAJOR DETERMINANT OF DISEASE OUTCOME IN INFECTED MACAQUES: VACCINE MODULATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:92 (abstract no. 213) Hirsch VM, Fuerst TR, Sutter G, Yang LC, Goldstein S, Piatak M Jr, Elkins WR, Moss B, Montefiori DC, Lifson JD Three of the macaques that showed this last pattern had been immunized with a SIV recombinant of the attenuated vaccinia virus, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA-SIV). The dynamics of virus replication are closely linked to disease course; sustained suppression of virus appears to promote long-term, asymptomatic survival of SIV-infected macaques.
214	EARLY INTERVENTION WITH THE NUCLEOSIDE D4T LIMITS VIRAL REPLICATION AND PROTECTS AGAINST CD4 DECLINE IN HIV-2(287) INFECTED MACAQUES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:92 (abstract no. 214) Watson A, McClure J, Ranchalis J, Scheibel M, Schmidt A, Kennedy B, Morton WR, Haigwood N, Shiu-Lok HU Significantly, in the three months that have elapsed after d4T treatment was withdrawn five out of six macaques have continued to control viral load and CD4 cell levels. These results demonstrate that antiviral intervention of a limited duration and initiated early in infection may constitute an important therapeutic strategy against lentiviral-induced disease.
215	INCOMPLETE EXPRESSION OF REV/NEF MRNAS IN LYMPH NODE MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM HIV-INFECTED LONG-TERM NON-PROGRESSORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:92 (abstract no. 215) Cohen O, Lam G, Pantaleo G, Schwartzentruber D, Baird B, Fauci AS Incomplete expression of rev/nef messages was a frequent finding among LTNPs. This finding may in part explain the low levels of multiple-spliced HIV mRNA in LTNPs and may be significant with regard to the lack of disease progression in this group.
216	REGULATION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) REPLICATION BY MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS: ROLE OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:93 (abstract no. 216) Goletti D, Weissman D, Jackson R, Graham NM, Vlahov D, Ortona L, Cauda R, Fauci AS In conclusion, MTB increased HIV replication in vivo and in an in vitro model in mononuclear cells of PPD-positive individuals. This MTB-mediated viral production likely occurs through antigen-specific activation and infection of responding T cells.
217	HIV RNA PEAK DURING PRIMARY VIREMIA IS MAJOR DETERMINANT OF CLINICAL COURSE IN PERINATALLY INFECTED INFANTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:93 (abstract no. 217) Dickover R, Kwok S, Wei L, Christopherson C, Bryson Y Our results indicate that rapid HIV replication early in vertical infection is associated with rapid disease progression. RNA PCR may prove useful for identifying infants who should be targeted for early antiretroviral therapy prior to the loss of CD4 cells.
218	GENOMIC DEFECTS IN ATTENUATED HIV-1 FROM THE SYDNEY BLOODBANK COHORT OF LONG TERM NON-PROGRESSORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:93 (abstract no. 218) Deacon NJ, McPhee DA, Crowe S, Learmont J, Cuningham A, Mills J As these features were common to all of the cohort sequences studied and there appeared to be no other abnormalities, it is reasonable to infer that they are responsible for the attenuated infection. The data suggest that survival after HIV-1 infection can be determined by the HIV-1 genome.
219	GAG AND CYCLOPHILIN A IN HIV-1 REPLICATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:93 (abstract no. 219) Bukovsky A, Weimann A, Dorfmann T, Goitlinger H Our results reveal that the determinants within the HIV-1 CA domain which confer the ability to incorporate CyPA overlap with those which confer the requirement for CyPA incorporation.
220	CHARGED AMINO ACID RESIDUES OF HIV-1 NUCLEOCAPSID P7 AND P1 PROTEINS INVOLVED IN RNA PACKAGING AND INFECTIVITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:93 (abstract no. 220) Poon DT, Wu J, Aldovini A Finally, we note that some mutations affect virus replication more drastically than RNA incorporation, providing in vivo evidence for the hypothesis that NC p7 may be involved in aspects of the HIV life cycle in addition to RNA packaging.
221	A HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 THAT MAINTAINS A PRIMER BINDING SITE COMPLEMENTARY TO TRNA(HIS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:94 (abstract no. 221) Wakefield JK, Kang SM, Morrow CD This study is the first report of a stable HIV-1 which utilizes an alternative tRNA primer and suggests that interactions between the primer tRNA anticodon loop and viral sequences upstream of the PBS contribute to the specificity of the tRNA primer used in reverse transcription.
222	THE ROLE OF THE GP41(YXXL) INTERNALIZATION IN MOTIF IN HIV-1 ASSEMBLY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:94 (abstract no. 222) Egan MA, Rowell JF, Siliciano RF, Carruth LM The role of the conserved endocytosis motif in HIV-1 env in virus assembly has been analyzed by the construction of full length molecular clones with mutations in the endocytosis motif. The results of these studies will be discussed.
223	A TYROSINE-DEPENDENT INTERNALIZATION SIGNAL IN THE SIV TRANSMEMBRANE CYTOPLASMIC TAIL MODULATES EXPRESSION OF VIRAL GLYCOPROTEINS ON INFECTED CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:94 (abstract no. 223) Hoxie JA, Sauter MM, Labranche CC, Pelchen-Matthews A, Bron R, Hart TK, Marsh M; Univ. of Penn., Phila., PA. These results demonstrate that a Tyr-dependent determinant in the SIV TM cytoplasmic tail functions as an internalization signal that can modulate the expression of env glycoproteins on the surface of infected cells. The conservation of an analogous Tyr in all human and simian lentiviruses suggests that this signal may be present in other HIVs and SIVs and could be important in the pathogenesis of these viruses in vivo.
224	E.R. LOCALIZATION OF THE HUMAN FOAMY VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN: ROLE OF THE DILYSINE MOTIF AND EFFECTS ON VIRUS BUDDING. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:94 (abstract no. 224) Muligan MJ, Goepfert P, Ritter GD, Shaw K, Giddings A, Wang AU These results demonstrate that a Tyr-dependent determinant in the SIV TM cytoplasmic tail functions as an internalization signal that can modulate the expression of env glycoproteins on the surface of infected cells. The conservation of an analogous Tyr in all human and simian lentiviruses suggests that this signal may be present in other HIVs and SIVs and could be important in the pathogenesis of these viruses in vivo.
225	DIFFERENTIAL GLYCOSYLATION, VIRION INCORPORATION AND SENSITIVITY TO NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 ENVELOPE PRODUCED FROM INFECTED PRIMARY T-CELL AND MACROPHAGE CULTURES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:94 (abstract no. 225) Willey RL, Shibata R, Freed EO, Cho MW, Martin MA Neutralization experiments, using PBMC and MDM-derived viruses, indicated that 8-10 fold more antiserum containing antibodies directed against the viral envelope is required to neutralize the MDM virus. These results demonstrate that HIV-1 envelope released from infected PBMC and MDM cultures differs in its biochemical and antigenic properties.
226	MOLECULAR CLONING AND ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GENES FROM HIV-1 SEQUENCE SUBTYPES A THROUGH G. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:94 (abstract no. 226) Gao F, Morrison S, Karlsson G, Sodroski J, Robertson DL, Sharp P, Shaw G, Hahn B The panel of env constructs described here should prove valuable for future structure-function studies of naturally occurring envelope glycoproteins as well as AIDS vaccine development efforts targeted against a broader spectrum of viruses.
227	DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12) BY TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 LIKE CYTOKINES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:95 (abstract no. 227) Chehimi J, Frank I, Marshall J, Trinchieri G This complete restoration of IL-12 production was particularly surprising and unexpected, because IL-12 and type 2 cytokines, particularly IL-4 are known to play an antagonist role in inducing type 1 and type 2 immune responses. This study points out the complexities of the cytokine network in AIDS.
228	INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12) ENHANCES HIV-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE (CTL) ACTIVITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:95 (abstract no. 228) McFarland EJ, Harding PA, Schooley RT, Kuritzkes DR Depletion assays demonstrated that this activity was mediated by CD8+ cells and not diminished by NK cell depletion. PBMC from children at less advanced disease stage appeared to be more likely to have increased HIV-specific CTL activity in response to IL-12. These results demonstrate that IL-12 can enhance HIV-specific CTL activity in vitro and support the potential use of IL-12 as an immune modulator in the treatment of HIV infection.
229	INTERLEUKIN-15 ACTIVATES ANTIGEN-INDUCED LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION WITH MINIMAL ACTIVATION OF HIV-1 EXPRESSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:95 (abstract no. 229) Patki AH, Quinones-Mateu ME, Dorazio D, Yen-Lieberman B, Boom WH, Thomas EK, Lederman MM These data suggest that IL-15 restores antigen-induced proliferative responses of PBMC from HIV-1-infected subjects without the mitogenic effect of IL-2 that also may induce HIV-1 expression.
230	IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKIN-15 IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:95 (abstract no. 230) Chehimi J, Frank I, Zyad A, Chouaie S Its interaction with type 1 and type 2 like cytokines and its effect on HIV replication will be discussed. The role of IL-15 in the regulation of natural resistance and immune resistance during HIV infection deserves additional studies.
231	INCREASED IN-VITRO TETANUS SPECIFIC ISOLATION AFTER IN-VIVO TETANUS IMMUNIZATION OF HIV INFECTED INDIVIDUALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:95 (abstract no. 231) Ostrowski M, Stanley S, Justement JS, Gantt K, Goletti D, Fauci AS We demonstrate increased isolation of HIV in-vitro after in-vivo immunization when the immunizing antigen is placed in the culture. These findings have important implications with regards to he role of ongoing antigen specific immune responses in the upregulation of HIV expression.
232	IMMUNOLOGIC EFFECTS OF RITONAVIR, AN HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:96 (abstract no. 232) Kelleher A, Carr A, Zaunders J, Cooper DA The duration of improved proliferative capacity correlated with the duration of viral load reduction (Rho 0.84, P < 0.05). 4/6 patients had at least a 2-fold increase in IL-2 production at 4 weeks. Data on IFN-γ and IL-4 production will be presented. Therapy with ritonavir was associated with improved immunologic function.
233	BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HIV AND SIV ENVELOPE OLIGOMERS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:96 (abstract no. 233) Arthos J, Wissink JA, Kim H, Schultf M, Boniface J, Hoover E, Sekaly R, Mullins JI These results indicate that oligmomeric forms of HIV and SIV envelopes differ significantly from monomeric gp120 with respect to function and immunogenicity.
234	RESISTANCE OF MACAQUE MONKEYS IMMUNIZED WITH SIV LIVE VACCINE TO CHALLENGE WITH SHIV VIRUS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:96 (abstract no. 234) Shibata R, Daniel MD, Desrosiers RC, Martin MA SHIV was readily detected from the control animals on week 1 and 2 after challenge, but not from the immunized animals. A follow up of these animals will be presented.
235	HOST-SPECIFIC DIVERGENCE OF HIV-1 IN PATIENTS INFECTED FROM THE SAME BLOOD DONOR SOURCE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:96 (abstract no. 235) Zhang LQ, Diaz RS, Mosley J, Busch M, Mayer A The host-specific divergence of a shared infecting strain in three infected individuals suggests that the infected host rather than the virus is the major determinant of the observed evolution of HIV over time. The high degree of amino acid changes relative to synonymous changes over time supports the existence of strong selective forces,rather than neutral mutations, driving HIV evolution.
236	Multiple HIV-1 infections and evidence for in vivo genetic recombination between HIV-1 strains. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:96 (abstract no. 236) Sakaena N, Wang B, Ge Y, Dwyer D, Cunningham A Rigorous comparisons clearly unveiled a putative fragile site existing at the C-terminus of the V3 region. Detailed phylogenetic comparisons, with other HIV-1 subtypes, clearly demonstrated the presence of recombinant populations of HIV-1 strains in the patient's PBMCs which might have important implications in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
237	SEQUENCE ANALYSIS REVEALED DIVERGENCE OF THE V3 LOOP IN AN INFECTED HIV-1 PATIENT NINE MONTHS AFTER SEROCONVERSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:97 (abstract no. 237) Chaix ML, Burgard M, Saragosti S, Moog C, Delaware C, Rouzioux C These results show very conserved sequences during the first 6 months period of infection, then appearance of a variant which may be the result of positive selection to evade immunological recognition.
238	MOLECULAR CLONING OF FULL-LENGTH HIV-1 GENOME DIRECTLY FROM PLASMA VIRAL RNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:97 (abstract no. 238) Fang G, Weiser B, Visosky AA, Townsend L, Burger H Different HIV-1 molecular species could be cloned from a single clinical sample as demonstrated by restriction site polymorphism. This method should make it possible to study the relationship of complete genomic sequences to pathogenic processes.
239	A LIVE INACTIVATABLE ATTENUATED VACCINE FOR AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:97 (abstract no. 239) Kestler HW, Maitra RK, Ma XZ, Chakrabarti BK The addition of a gain of function conditional lethal (TK gene) to the loss of function (nef deletion) vaccine strain represent a significant improvement to the live attenuated vaccine. The usefulness of this particular construct will be determined in animal models.
240	INJECTION OF DNA CONTAINING SIV GENES ELICITS SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES IN MICE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:97 (abstract no. 240) McCallus DE, Higgins T, Wang B, Boyer J, Weiner DB, Ciccarelli R, Coney LR These results will be used to evaluate DNA injection as a means of generating an immune response against SIV antigens.
241	RESISTANCE OF PERSISTENTLY INFECTED ANIMALS TO INFECTION WITH A SECOND STRAIN OF HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:98 (abstract no. 241) Shibata R, Siemon C, Ho MC, Matthews T, Murthy KK, Israel Z, Frost PA, Kennedy RC, Arthur LO, Martin MA It is of interest that neither the HIV-1IIIB nor the HIV-1SF2 previously infected chimpanzees had neutralizing antibody directed against HIV-1DH12 prior to
242	A PHASE I, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, SAFETY & IMMUNOGENICITY TRIAL OF GENENTECH MN RAP120 HIV-1 VACCINE IN HIV-INFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN WITH CD4 > 400. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:98 (abstract no. 242) Lambert JS, Wright P, Gorse G, Anderson E, McElrath J, Abramowicz J, Keefer M, Anderson J, Fast P, Walker MC, McNamara J, Hsiu R, Francis D A comparison of infection status of the infant, humoral and cellular immune responses (neutralizing antibody, ADCC lymphoproliferation) in the mothers and infants, and mucosal immune response of mothers will be performed based on treatment assignment.
243	COMPARISON OF HIV-1 VIRAL LOAD BETWEEN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT TUBERCULOSIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:98 (abstract no. 243) Michael N, Whalen C, Johnson J, Nsubuga P, Hom D, Mugerwa R, Ellner J Controlling for immune status, levels of HIV-1 RNA viral load were five times greater in TB cases versus matched non-TB controls, suggesting that mycobacterial infection promotes HIV replication.
244	EVALUATION OF VIRAL DYNAMICS IN PATIENTS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:98 (abstract no. 244) Conway B, Raboud J, Montaner JS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Zala C The observed "half-life" of one week in the NR group represents the natural 2- fold variation in the measurement of plasma viremia over time. In the patients who did show a response to therapy, we are able to demonstrate a considerable reduction in viral "half life", at 2-4 days, comparable to previously published data using more potent antiretroviral agents. This may represent a good marker of viral clearance that could be a surrogate of more generalizable drug efficacy. This hypothesis will be evaluated in our laboratory in the next two months studying patients on nucleoside and non-nucleoside therapy.
245	ACUTE EFFECT OF SPLENECTOMY ON THE LEVELS OF HIV RNA IN PLASMA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:99 (abstract no. 245) Henry K^1,2, Erice A², Dailey P³, Posalaky Z¹, Melroe H¹ Splenectomy has a variable acute impact on HIV RNA levels over the first 4 weeks. Further study of the effect of reduction of lymphoid mass on the replication kinetics of HIV may provide insight on the relationship between the plasma and lymphoid tissue compartments.
246	EVALUATION OF WITHIN DAY VARIATION IN HIV RNA LEVELS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:99 (abstract no. 246) Deeks SG, Coleman RL, Schambelan M, Pachl C, White R, Fine E, Feinberg MB HIV RNA levels do not follow a diurnal pattern. The circadian pattern of plasma cortisol levels noted in this population is consistent with that measured in HIV- subjects. Data from this and other studies evaluating variance in HIV RNA assays will aid in assessing the relevance of single time point samples obtained in the clinical setting.
247	THE ROLE OF HIV MARKERS IN GUIDING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:99 (abstract no. 247) O'Brien WA, Hartigan P, Daar ES, Hamilton JD Although initial changes in HIV RNA are a useful measure of antiretroviral response, it is less reliable than the fall in CD4 + count for determining drug failure. Use of both of these parameters together may provide the best guide for clinical decisions regarding antiretroviral therapy.
248	IMMUNOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL MONITORING OF HIV-1 INFECTED PERSONS DURING THERAPY WITH SPECIFIC ANTIRETROVIRAL COMPOUNDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:99 (abstract no. 248) Knechten H, Braun P, Panfil C, Pzb C As result of our study we can show that plasma viremia is a more sensitive measure of antiretroviral response than measurement of p24 antigen, β 2-microglobulin, neopterin or specific cell counts.
249	VIRUS LOAD AS A MARKER OF DISEASE PROGRESSION IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:99 (abstract no. 249) Tetalis S, Romano J, Thqan S, Bakshi S, Abrams E, Paul M, Oyaizu N and Pahwa S. Thus HIV-infected children appear to have a higher virus load early in life, especially in association with rapid disease progression.
250	SERUM HIV QUANTITATION IN CHILDREN: AN ANALYSIS BY AGE, TREATMENT AND CLINICAL STATUS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:99 (abstract no. 250) McIntosh K, Zaknun D, Kornegay J, Chatis P, Burchett S These results confirm that extracellular virus load falls very slowly in infants, even in the absence of obvious CD4 deficiency or marked symptoms. With or without treatment, however, children over 36 months can reduce virus to < 10⁴ copies of RNA/ml and undetectable ICD-p24.
251	HIV-1 RNA LEVELS AND TIME TO AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:100 (abstract no. 251) O'Brien TR, Kroner BL, Blattner WA, Goedert JJ The HIV-1 RNA level during early HIV-1 infection is a strong, age-independent, predictor of time to AIDS.
252	MEASUREMENT OF SERUM HIV RNA BY RT QC-PCR DISTINGUISHES PROGRESSIVE FROM NON-PROGRESSIVE HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:100 (abstract no. 252) Fang G, Siegal F, Weiser B, Burger H Viral loads distinguish the pattern of disease progression and may play a role in pathogenesis.
253	MONITORING THE RESPONSE TO ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT IN THE LYMPH NODES OF HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS BY SERIAL FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:100 (abstract no. 253) Burgisser P, Spertini F, Suter C, Pagani JL, Meylan PR This was accompanied at 6 months by a 4 fold reduction of full length RNA in lymph node cells. Data from more patients will be generated to assess whether the response to therapy of the viral load in the blood and in the lymphoid tissue are correlated.
254	VIROLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF HEALTHY LONG TERM POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE SAN FRANCISCO CITY CLINIC COHORT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:100 (abstract no. 254) Elbeik T, Guthrie J, Horton C, Drews B, Staprans S, Grant R, Buchbinder S, M Feinberg HLP'S were clearly defined by lower levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA compared to RSC's. Within the HLP group virologic analysis demonstrates heterogeneity. including individuals with low plasma HIV-1 RNA and difficult isolation of HIV and high plasma HIV-1 RNA with easy virus isolation. Overall, a trend in declining CD4 counts is noted in both groups regardless of the level of plasma HIV-1 RNA.
255	SIMILAR KINETICS OF HIV-1 REPLICATION IN LYMPHOID ORGANS AND PLASMA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:100 (abstract no. 255) Lafeuillade A, Poggi C, Profizi N, Tamalet C, Thiebaut C Data on 3 other patients will be presented and discussed for their pathophysiological consequences.
256	DIURNAL AND WITHIN PATIENT VARIATION OF HIV-VIRAL LOAD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:100 (abstract no. 256) Riddler SA, Holodniy M, White RA, Pachel C, Judson B, Mantz N, Mellors J Overall, the variation in plasma HIV-1 RNA, as measured with the Chiron bDNA assay, was small (< 2-fold) in clinically stable individuals.
257	CSF HIV-1 RNA QUANTITATION AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS RELATED ENCEPHALOPATHY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:101 (abstract no. 257) Ginocchio CC, Kaplan MH, Wang XP Although plasma HIV-1 RNA levels > 106 copies/ml can be found in patients without HIV encephalopathy, the majority of patients with HIV dementia were found to have plasma levels > 106, suggesting that high plasma HIV-1 RNA levels may be an early indicator of developing neurological involvement.
258	CORRELATION OF HIV-1 RNA LOAD AND HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1 FROM TRANSFUSION RECIPIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:101 (abstract no. 258) Lee TH, Sakahara NS, Herman SA, Fiebig EW, O'Brien TR, Busch MP The low rate of female to male HIV-1 transmission is probably due to physiological rather than virological factors. There is a strong association between viral load and heterosexual transmission from male to female. Therapies that reduce viral load may reduce the rate of heterosexual spread of the epidemic.
259	THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD AND LYMPH NODE VIRAL LOAD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:101 (abstract no. 259) Mole L, Holodniy M, Lalezari J, Banach M, Sension M, Schnittman S; AIDS Research Center, Palo Alto VAMC. We have previously reported on early stage subjects. This data suggests that in later stage subjects, LN infectious titer is generally > that found in peripheral blood. LN titer also decreased with ZDV therapy. Phenotypic discordance can be see between compartments. These findings have important implications for further virologic and pathogenesis based studies.
260	HIV RNA LEVELS IN LYMPHOID TISSUE, PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES (PBMC) AND PLASMA (PL) FRACTIONS OF HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:101 (abstract no. 260) Erice A, Dailey P, Haase A, Balfour H, Faust R, Melroe H, Melroe H, Henry K The fluctuations of HIV RNA levels observed in sequential Tbx samples could reflect true dynamic changes of HIV load in lymphoid organs, sampling variability, or sample processing variability. Studies evaluating the pathogenic significance of these findings are currently in progress in our laboratories.
261	HIV-1 VIRAL LOAD IN PROGRESSORS VS NON-PROGRESSORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:101 (abstract no. 261) Major C, Li X, Strunc G, Galli R, Fearon M, Calzavara L, Peter A, Rachlis A, Palmer R, Strethdee S, Fisher M, Read S Viral load seems to be a marker of HIV progression. However, more research is necessary to further define the relative value of VL as a marker of HIV disease progression.
262	HIV REPLICATION IN HEMOPHILIA INDIVIDUALS WITH PROGRESSIVE VS NON-PROGRESSIVE INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:101 (abstract no. 262) Vicenzi E, Bagnarelli P, Clementi M, Sinnone MS, Santagostino E, Gringeri A, Manucci PM, Lazzarin A, Poli G These data suggest that viral replication is substantially lower in LTNPs than PI. A threshold of 10,000 copies of viral RNA in plasma appears to discriminate between progression or non-progression of HIV disease towards AIDS. LTNP hemophiliacs are a relatively homogeneous group in respect to viral expression.
263	HIV VIREMIA IN RELATION TO CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CORRELATES AMONG HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:102 (abstract no. 263) Conway B, Allen U, Lapointe N, Read S, Marshall C, King S, Forbes J, Moore D, Gilmour J, Wells G, Bortolussi R, Tobin J; Canadian Pediatric AIDS Research Group These preliminary data show associations between HIV viremia as determined by NASBA and clinical and laboratory markers potentially associated with higher viral loads. In the context of clinical trials, this may be a useful test to sequentially follow the response to anti-retroviral regimens.
264	CORRELATION OF PLASMA HIV-RNA (BRANCHED-DNA) AND SERUM α INTERFERON (AL-IFN) IN HIV SEROPOSITIVE INDIVIDUALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:102 (abstract no. 264) Lange M, Maitra U, Inada Y, Klein EB Both AL-IFN and B-DNA titers correlated in a highly concordant linear fashion to levels of absolute CD₄ counts in HIV positive subjects confirming the clinical relevance of serum AL-IFN. The role of AL-IFN in the pathogenesis of HIV disease and its relationship to plasma HIV-RNA needs further investigation.
265	VIROLOGICAL FINDINGS IN HIV+ HEMOPHILIACS WITH NON-PROGRESSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:102 (abstract no. 265) Heredia A, Mas A, Vallejo A, Altisent C, Soriano V, Bravo R, Ruiz I, Hewlett I, Gonzalez-Lahoz J In HIV-1+ persons who remain free of immunological deterioration for many years, the viral asthma load is undetectable or very low despite a latent replicative proviral infection can be demonstrated in most of them. All NP are carrying NSI strains, in contrast with P. The B subtype is widely distributed and predominant among the different groups.
266	HAM/TSP INCIDENCE RATE IS HIGHER AMONG FEMALES COMPARED TO MALES IN JAMAICA AND TRINIDAD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:102 (abstract no. 266) Maloney EM, Cleghorn FR, Morgan OS, Jack N, Manns A The overall incidence rates of HAM/TSP in Jamaica and Trinidad are similar to the rate reported for Japan. The higher incidence among females may reflect the importance of sexually acquired HTLV-I infection in HAM/TSP pathogenesis.
267	T-LYMPHOCYTES SUBPOPULATIONS ARE MORE AFFECTED BY HTLV-I THAN HTLV-II INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:102 (abstract no. 267) Nowicki MJ Changes in T-cell subsets are more frequent in HTLV-I+ than HTLV-II+ donors. HTLV-I seems to stimulate lymphoproliferation of T cells more than HTLV-II. Differences may be also explained by longer infection duration in the HTLV-I + group suggested by their older age and presence of IVD users in the HTLV-II+ group.
268	DETECTION OF JC VIRUS DNA IN PBMC FROM HIV-INFECTED HEMOPHILIA PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:102 (abstract no. 268) Rabkin CS, Shishido Y, Stoner GL, Goedert JJ Two patients who were initially viremic with a given JC type were positive for a different type on a subsequent sample. These findings establish a role for JC viremia in advanced HIV infection and suggest that central nervous system seeding rather than local reactivation is a proximal event in the pathogenesis of PML.
269	SUCCESSFUL ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR ATLL USING AN HTLV-I-POSITIVE DONOR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:103 (abstract no. 269) Vernant JP, Diette JM, Kuentz M, Ladeb S, Bernaudin F, Beaujean F, Norol F, Dhedin N, Beaune J, Cordonnier C, Jaccard A, Desgranges C Taking into account the HTLV-I reservoir, the probability of eradication during BMT conditioning is low. A "healthy carrier" is thus probably a better donor than a seronegative sibling whose immunological system will be subjected to primary HTLV-I infection after BMT.
270	PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR HTLV-I/II INFECTION AMONG INNER-CITY HOSPITAL PATIENTS IN THE SOUTH BRONX. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:103 (abstract no. 270) Ernst J, Irwin KL, Lal RB, Olivo N, Rudolph DL, Raimondi V, Weber JT, Janssen R/i> The prevalence of HTLV infection in the South Bronx is extremely high for a U.S. city and appears to be related to the high prevalence of risk factors for these infections: Caribbean origin, IDU, and sex with IDU. Because HTLV prevalence is high and few infected patients had clinical evidence of infection, risk reduction counseling, voluntary testing, and prevention services are needed in this community. Because both infections are more common in women, counseling about perinatal and lactation-related transmission is essential.
271	HTLV-IIB INFECTION IN TWO ISOLATED VENEZUELAN AMERINDIAN TRIBES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:103 (abstract no. 271) Leon-Ponte M, Noya O, Bianco NE, Echeverria G Of the numerous Amerindian tribes residing in Venezuela, the Pume and Guahibo are to date the only two HTLV-II endemically infected tribes. The substrain present in subjects from this communities belongs to the B subtype, which is the most frequent among the Paleo-Amerindians populations.
272	LIFETIME COST OF CARE FOR CHILDREN WITH HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:103 (abstract no. 272) Havens PL, Cuene BE, Hand JR We conclude that care for children with HIV infection is expensive, and speculate that this information may be useful in justifying the cost of programs to decrease maternal-fetal transmission of HIV.
273	THE CHANGING PROFILE OF HIV AND ITS IMPACT ON COST OF CARE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:104 (abstract no. 273) John Gill M, Weber M, Davidson W, McDonald J Future resource needs may be predicted from current trends in patient growth, disease acuity and resource use, and could be substantial given the increasing rate of change in disease acuity, and the large average monthly costs for patients with CD4 counts < 100. Changes in current practices could affect future resource needs even more dramatically.
274	THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVE DRUG TREATMENT REGIMENS FOR HIV PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:104 (abstract no. 274) Mauskopf J, Simpson K The results of the model indicate that increased drug costs from more comprehensive drug regimens are to some extent offset by reductions in inpatient costs because of a reduced number of cases of opportunistic infections, especially PCP and MAC. The model can be used to estimate annual health care expenditures and numbers of opportunistic diseases for HIV positive patients under different drug treatment regimens.
275	PATIENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:104 (abstract no. 275) Helman SA, Goodwin SD, Scott JD, Bartlett JA Logistic regression analysis performed to evaluate relationships between use of ART and other variables revealed a significant relationship only between the use of ZDV and the belief that the drug is safe. Despite the limitations of antiretroviral monotherapy identified by recent clinical trials, patients overall opinions toward ART are favorable and only a minority of patients refused treatment because of negative perceptions.
276	NONBIOLOGIC CONSTRAINTS ON EARLY HIV INTERVENTION PROGRAMS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:104 (abstract no. 276) Francis H, Armstrong C, Chandler K, Grinage Y, McCree C Urban indigent HIV patients have few health resources or access to health assistance until significant immunosuppression occurs. For those reasons, EII programs are essential to secondary HIV prevention. Increased early intervention on social and economic problems in the urban indigent may be as important as early biologic intervention.
277	RURAL HIV SERVICE DELIVERY MODEL: PRELIMINARY RESULTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:104 (abstract no. 277) Soons K, Grace C, McGrath E, Kutzo D This model removed many barriers and provided complete medical care and psychosocial case management for persons with HIV in this rural area.
278	USE OF DRUG TREATMENT SERVICES AMONG HIV-INFECTED INJECTION-DRUG AND CRACK COCAINE USERS IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:104 (abstract no. 278) Simon P, Sorvillo F, Kerndt P In addition to increasing the availability of drug treatment services and eliminating financial barriers to treatment, more aggressive outreach efforts are needed in Los Angeles County to reach HIV- infected injection-drug and crack cocaine users who would not otherwise utilize services.
279	HIGHER MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS (MDR-TB) PERCENTAGE AND DIVERGENCE OF TOTAL TB WHEN COMPARED WITH THE REST OF NEW YORK CITY (NYC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:105 (abstract no. 279) Glaser JB, Ahern K, Minucci D, Liu D, Levis W Total TB cases and HIV+ TB cases declined in NYC. The divergence at SIUH was most likely related to increased HIV+ DDU patients admitted from the rest of NYC. Hospitals that expand exempted DDU programs because of managed care may experience a rise in TB cases.
280	IMPACT OF TUBERCULOSIS ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:105 (abstract no. 280) Munsiff SS, Alpert P, Gourevitch MN, Klein RS HIV + patients with TB had increased non-TB mortality compared to matched controls and cases had a four-fold higher risk of developing 0I'S after their TB diagnosis. These findings may be confounded by more severe disease in cases at baseline which was not reflected by CD4 level.
281	HIV INFECTION AND INDURATION SIZE AMONG WOMEN REACTING TO CUTANEOUS DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY (DTH) TESTING. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:105 (abstract no. 281) Klein RS, Flanigan TP, Vlahov D, Schuman P, Smith D Despite sample size limitations, induration sizes among reactors to mumps and tetanus DTH testing were significantly smaller among severely immunosuppressed women. However, only for mumps was HIV infection itself associated with slightly smaller induration sizes. Interpretation of induration size in women who react to cutaneous DTH testing should not be based solely on HIV status.
282	CUTANEOUS ANERGY IN PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT WOMEN WITH HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:105 (abstract no. 282) Eriksen NL, Helfgott AW, Coghlan R The prevalence of cutaneous anergy is similar in nonpregnant and pregnant women with HIV. The CD4 count was not statistically different in pregnant versus nonpregnant women with anergy.
283	POSITIVE PPD AND CORRELATION WITH CD4+ CELL COUNTS AMONG PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION IN MEXICO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:105 (abstract no. 283) Del Rio C, Rangel A, Valdes M, Uribe P At the time of diagnosis of HIV infection in Mexico approximately 30% of patients are PPD +. However, because the diagnosis of HIV infection occurs quite late in the course of the disease among our population (only 25% of patients where diagnosed with CD4+ cell count > 500 cells/μL) the percentage of patients with HIV infection and a positive PPD in Mexico may be closer to 500A. Because HIV infection accelerates the clinical course of TB it is imperative to perform a PPD skin test in all patients with HIV infection in Mexico and consider early chemoprophylaxis with INH for those with a + PPD or with CD4⁺ cell counts < 200/μL.
284	IMPACT ON SURVIVAL OF COMBINATION OR SEQUENTIAL ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY COMPARED WITH AZT MONOTHERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:106 (abstract no. 284) Thompson M, Creagh T, Harmon M, Rimland D, Lennox J, Stetler H Combination therapy with AZT/ddC and AZT/ddI and sequential therapy with AZT and ddC were associated with a survival benefit over AZT monotherapy for CD4 < 500 cells/mm³. Sequential ddI therapy conferred a survival benefit compared with AZT monotherapy only for CD4 100-299 cells/mm³. These findings are observational, however they are consistent with findings from recent clinical trials.
285	RITONAVIR, AZT, DDC, AS A TRIPLE COMBINATION IN AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:106 (abstract no. 285) Mathez D, De Truchis P, Gorin I, Katlama C, Pialoux G, Saimot AG, Tubiana R, Chauvin JP, Bagnarelli P, Clementi M, Leibowitch J HIV activity in both blood cells and plasma was no longer detectable as of month 6 in 6 and 5 patients respectively, while 12/21 had achieved > 99.99% of recordable infectious cell reductions. The effectiveness of anti-viral drug combinations may be assessed in real time in open label trials where baseline HIV infectious level in the individual serves as control.
286	EVALUATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS (PK), SAFETY, TOLERANCE AND ACTIVITY OF COMBINATION OF ZALCITABINE (DDC) AND ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) IN STABLE, ZDV-TREATED, PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:106 (abstract no. 286) Bakshi S, Britto P, Capaprelli E, Salgo M, Mofenson L, Fowler MG, Pahwa S We conclude that in HIV-infected children with stable clinical disease and prior ZDV therapy, combination ddC/ZDV therapy is well tolerated, no more toxic than ZDV monotherapy, and is associated with significantly slower fall in CD4+ lymphocyte count.
287	COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:106 (abstract no. 287) Rouleau D, Conway B, Patenaude P, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS Patient 1 (followed to week 21) and patient 3 (to week 12) have stable viremia, with CD4 count of 920 cells/mL. Patient 1 discontinued therapy at week 12. A dramatic decrease in viral load was observed in all patients, more so in the three patients on combination. A placebo-controlled trial of this approach is being initiated in our centre.
288	IMMUNOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMBINATION THERAPY WITH ZDV PLUS DDI OR DDC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:106 (abstract no. 288) Conway B, Montaner JS, Raboud JM, Rae S, Patenaude P, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT Our preliminary analysis shows that use of ZDV/ddI or ZDV/ddC is associated with an increase in CD4 counts and a decrease in viral load. The short term safety refile was similar between both regimens.
289	POTENTIATION OF THE ANTI-HIV ACTIVITY OF DDI BY HYDROXYUREA: ROLE OF THE M2 SUBUNIT OF HOST-CELL RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:107 (abstract no. 289) Gao WY, Zhou BS, Johns DG, Mitsuya H, Yen Y In contrast, HIV proviral DNA synthesis fails to recover from the dual and synergistic effects of ddATP inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase plus dATP depletion.
290	LONG-TERM SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF INITIAL TRIPLE COMBINATION THERAPY WITH ZDV, DDC AND INTERFERON &ALPHA;-N1 VS. ZDV AND DDC IN PATIENTS WITH CD4+ CELL COUNTS 300-500 CELLS/mm�. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:107 (abstract no. 290) Lavelle J, Haas D, Barry D, Mustafa N, Mciunnis R, Rooney J The mean CD4+ cell counts (cells/mm�)were 411, 450, 446, and 474 for Grp 1 and 394, 393, 436, and 417 for Grp 2, at week 0, 16, 52 and 76, respectively. Serious adverse events occurred in 3 patients (2.3%) in Grp 1 and 5 (4.0%) in Grp 2.
291	FOLLOW UP OF HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS TREATED WITH DIDANOSINE AND HYDROXYUREA COMBINATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:107 (abstract no. 291) Biron F, Lucht F, Peyramond D, Fresard A, Contamin B, Vallet T, Nugier F, Grange J, Malley S, Hamedi-Sangsari F, Verrier B, Vila J The combination of Didanosine and Hydroxyurea appears to be a possible candidate for HIV-1 therapy. Determinations of the overall durability of the antiviremic effect and clinical implication of these results require further research.
292	HIV-1 RESISTANCE MUTATIONS AND PLASMA RNA LEVELS DURING ZDV+DDC COMBINATION THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:107 (abstract no. 292) Sylvester S, Caliendo A, Sepkowitz K, Fischl M, Jayaweera D, Simon G, Lalezari J, Mitsuyas R, D'Aquila R We conclude that: 1) Substitutions conferring ddC resistance were infrequent. 2) Genotypic ZDV resistance was common at baseline and persisted. 3) Baseline ZDV resistance was associated with plasma RNA non-response, suggesting that optimal response may be achieved when a baseline isolate lacks ZDV-resistance.
293	RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) WITH STAVUDINE (D4T) AND HYDROXYUREA (HU). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:107 (abstract no. 293) Steinhart CR, Jacobsen DA, George SA In na�ve subjects, however, viral load decreased from 262 x 10³ copies/ml to 20 x 10³ copies/ml (93%). 6 subjects have discontinued treatment but only 2 were due to peripheral neuropathy. We conclude that combination ART with d4T and HU is well tolerated, is user friendly, and reduces HIV viral load.
294	EVALUATION OF D4T, DDI AND BMS-186,318, IN TWO-DRUG COMBINATIONS AGAINST HIV REPLICATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:107 (abstract no. 294) Deminie C, Bechtold C, Stock D, Alam M, Djang F, Balch A, Colonno R, Lin PF Results with combinations including nucleoside analogs were slightly different in PBMCs and CEM-SS cells which may be due to the different phosphorylation profiles of the compounds in these two cell types. No antagonism or enhanced cytotoxicity was observed with these combinations. These results should be useful in designing clinical trials of combination therapy.
295	THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIRAL LOAD AND HIV RT GENOTYPIC RESISTANCE REPERTOIRE AFTER 3TC AND D4T THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:108 (abstract no. 295) Eastman PS, Lindquis C, Boyer E, Kolberg J, Urdea M, Schulte M, Holodniy M With extensive prior nucleoside experience plasma RNA levels may not decline with 3TC monotherapy regardless of codon 215 genotype. An M184V mutation developed rapidly in the presence of a T215Y/F mutation. Furthermore, in the presence of T215Y/F and M184V mutations, 3TC/D4T therapy had no effect on viral load. Only in combination with ZDV was 3TC effective in reducing the viral load. This data may provide important insight into how viral load and genotypic analysis of the plasma RNA might facilitate a rational choice in nucleoside analogue therapy.
296	HIV-1 PROVIRAL DNA AND RNA DYNAMICS AFTER INITIATING AZT + DDC COMBINATION THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:108 (abstract no. 296) Izopet J, Marchou B, Sandres K, Aquilina R, Viraben R, Obadia M, Bicart-See A, Bonnet E, Labau E, Todorowski N, Bernard J, Mansuy JM, Dubois M, Cazabat M, Massip P, Auvergnat JC, Puel J 1/ Using standardized tools, HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA before treatment displayed moderate variability. 2/ Short-term response to AZT + ddC showed different patterns when comparing HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA. 3/ Further follow-up should help to assess the clinical relevance of these changes in virologic markers.
297	THE DOSAGE OF AZT AND DDI IN A COMBINED THERAPY: A RANDOMIZED STUDY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:108 (abstract no. 297) Mars ME, Gensollen S, Lo S, Suzan V, Bongrand MC, Timon-David P, Gallais H Today the firm recommends a dosage of 200 mg/d of ddI in ease of HIV+ patient with a weight lower than 60 kg. Our study tends to prove that 400 mg/d of ddI added to 500 mg/d of AZT is a better combination, nevertheless, the combined therapy 500 mg/d AZT+200 mg/d ddI can be used with the same clinical and biological benefits. It appears that the dosages 2.50 mg/d AZT+200 mg/d are too low. These facts need to be confirmed by a larger study.
298	LYMPHOID ORGANS REMAIN IMPORTANT SANCTUARIES OF INFECTIOUS HIV-1 DURING ZDV-DDI COMBINATION THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:108 (abstract no. 298) Lafeuillade A, Tamalet C, Tourres C, Poggi C, Profizi N, Thiebault C, Raoult D To assess the impact of current anti-retroviral strategies on HIV-1 load in lymph nodes (LN) that are the major reservoir of virus.
299	3TC + ZDV IN PATIENTS (PTS) WITH CD4 UNDER 50/mm�: A PHASE II STUDY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:108 (abstract no. 299) Michelet C, Ruffault A, Arvieux C, Guisth'au O, Favre C, Andrieux F, Colmon D, Cartier F Month 1 : Mean decrease of VP was 1 log¹⁰, AgP24 0,4 log and CD4 increased of 76%. VP Negativation or decrease of more than 1 log occurred in 8 pts. Month 3 : 6/12 pts (5 pts stopped AZT due to haematological intolerance) had a sustained improvement of CD4 (mean 27/mm³ -JO and 60/mm³ -M3) and a persistent decrease of VP in 4 pts. In 5 other pts VP increased rapidly. Mean AgP24 (12 pts) remained decreased (p value JO-M3 0.03). At Month 6 (on virologic evaluation), 15/17 pts were alive without new opportunistic infections, except one. In conclusion 3TC + ZDV had an important antiviral activity in pts with CD4 under 50/mm³ and could decrease the disease progression.
300	EXPECTED HEALTH AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MONO, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE ANTIVIRAL THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:108 (abstract no. 300) Simpson KN We found large variations (given similar assumptions of effects) in estimates of both clinical and economic impacts of single, double and triple antiviral therapy, as well as impacts from the proportion of patients who are AZT-na�ve, receive PCP and/or MAC prophylaxis. As multi-drug regiments multiply, it will become quite important to use flexible validated models, instead of static study result to inform discussions about drug coverage and resource allocation.
301	VIRION-TARGETED VIRAL INACTIVATION: A GENE THERAPY APPROACH AGAINST HIV-1 BASED ON VPR CHIMERIC PROTEINS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:109 (abstract no. 301) Pignac-Kobinger G, Nie Z, Mercier J, Cohen EA Furthermore, we demonstrated using the MAGI assay that HIV virions containing the VprIE chimeric proteins were 10 times less infectious than the wild type virus. Overall, these experiments indicate that we, were able to transfer with some success resistance to HIV infection in tissue culture using a gene therapy approach based on Vpr chimeric proteins.
302	DEFECTIVE INTERFERING HIV-1 PARTICLES AS RENEWABLE ANTIVIRALS? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:109 (abstract no. 302) Soon-Young P, Harmison G, Zhiping YE, Chang-Jie C, Banerjea A and Schubert M. These particles represent a mixture of wild type virus and potentially defective interfering HIV-1 particles. Studies are in progress to evaluate whether these particles could function as renewable antivirals that could be targeted to other HIV-1 infected cells.
303	USE OF SINGLE-CHAIN ANTIBODY FRAGMENT (SFV) AGAINST HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE AS AN ANTIVIRAL THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:109 (abstract no. 303) Shaheen F, Duan L, Zhu M, Bagasra O, Pomerantz RJ Experiments are in progress to establish that the expression of this antibody fragment specifically interferes with the early steps in viral life-cycle, in the pre-integration stages. (i.e. the synthesis of double stranded DNA before the establishment of provirus). Results of these experiments will be presented.
304	INHIBITION OF HIV-1 REPLICATION BY ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS (AAV) VECTORS CONTAINING MULTIPLE ANTI-REV GENETIC ELEMENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:109 (abstract no. 304) Inouye R, Du B, Duan L, Hammer S, Pomerantz R, Groopman JE Primary target cells treated with anti-Rev/RRE AAV vectors demonstrated significant resistance to HIV-1. Vectors carrying multiple genes targeting the Rev function showed enhanced inhibition over single antivirals.
305	INTRACELLULAR IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HIV-1 INFECTIONS: UTILITY OF SINGLE CHAIN VARIABLE FRAGMENTS AGAINST PRE- AND POST-INTEGRATION TARGETS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:109 (abstract no. 305) Pomerantz RJ, Duan L, Zhu M, Shaheen F, Levy-Mintz P, Wu Y, Kubota S, Wei DL, Bagasra O These data suggest that intracellular expression of anti-SFvs, to a variety of pre-and post-integration targets in the retroviral life-cycle, maybe utilized as effective gene therapy, or intracellular immunization for HIV-1 infections in vivo.
306	OLIGONUCLEOTIDES BASED ON GUANOSINE BLOCK HIV-1 INFECTION AND BIND TO THE CELL SURFACE OF T-CELLS AND ACTIVATED PBMN CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:110 (abstract no. 306) Watts PS, Gooderham N, Edwards R, Davies DS, Shaunak S Oligonucleotides based upon guanosine block infection by HIV-1 and bind to the cell surface of T-cell lines and activated PBMN cells. Within the MWt range studied, the affinity of this binding was dependent on the size of the molecule.
307	DNA VACCINATION: VACCINE/IMMUNE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION FOR HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:110 (abstract no. 307) MacGregor RR, Boyer JD, Wang B, Williams W, Gluckman S, Ugen KE, Agadjanian M, Gilbert L, Kudchodkar S, Javadian A, Dang K, Bagarazzi M, Merva MM, Ginsburg R, Carrano RA, Ciccareli R, Coney L, Weiner DB These data which suggest a role for this technology in the treatment or prophylaxis of HIV also have broader implications for its use in infectious diseases as well as cancer.
308	INTRACELLULAR SUPPRESSION OF HIV-1 EXPRESSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:110 (abstract no. 308) Mosca JD, Lin J-T, Kaushal S, Perfetto S, Yu Z, Ritchey D, Levine B, June C, Burke D, Mayers D, St. Louis D These results indicate the potential utility of human α2-interferon as an anti-HIV-1 gene therapeutic agent, only if constitutive expression is tightly controlled and shows the preclinical value of this CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes expansion system.
309	PHASE I TRIAL OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN INTERLEUKIN 12 (RHIL-12) IN 309 HIV-INFECTED SUBJECTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:110 (abstract no. 309) Jacobson MA, Hardy D, Connick E, Anderson R, Debruin M HIV patients tolerated single SQ doses of rhlL-12 up to 300 ng/kg with evidence of biologic activity, Multiple-dosing trials are planned.
310	CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CYTOKINE PROFILE SWITCHING IN HIV+ PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:110 (abstract no. 310) Morse G, Adams J, Shelton M, Hu J, D'Ambrosio R, Hewitt R TNF was present in all patients and the other cytokine patterns (measurable IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4,) suggest that further evaluation of patients with lower CD4⁺ counts is warranted to determine if IL-10 is present in patients with more severe disease and to identify more precisely the association between cytokine patterns and outcome markers.
311	EVALUATION OF IL-2-INDUCED CHANGES IN VIRAL BURDEN IN LYMPHOID TISSUE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:111 (abstract no. 311) Highbarger HC, Jiang MK, Kovacs JA, Vogel S, Lebovics R, Dailey P, Lane HC, Dewar RL Tbx may be a useful tool for monitoring viral burden in patients with undetectable plasma viremia levels. With one exception, treatment with IL-2 did not cause sustained increases in viral burden in this group of patients when measured in either plasma or Tbx.
312	EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY HORMONES ON HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:111 (abstract no. 312) Heisler M, Antoni BA, Rabson AB Preliminary data show that hCG treatment results in a 77% inhibition of HIV infectivity in the MAGI cell assay, suggesting an early effect. hCG also appears to have an effect on viral release from U1 cells as seen by comparison of lysate and supernatant RT levels. By understanding the interaction between HIV and the placental hormone environment, it may be possible to develop therapeutic approaches that reduce transplacental HIV infection.
313	THALIDOMIDE REDUCES HIV-1 PRODUCTION IN ACUTELY INFECTED HUMAN MONOCYTES IN VITRO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:111 (abstract no. 313) Moreira AL, Ye W, Shen Z, Johnson B, Corral L, Kaplan G Our results to date indicate that thalidomide and its analogues inhibit TNF-α mRNA production and suppress HIV-1 replication. Since NF-kB is a nuclear binding protein that can drive the transcription of both TNF-α and HIV-1 genes, these effects may be mediated through NF-kB.
314	ANTI-CD4 THERAPY FOR AIDS SUGGESTED BY MATHEMATICAL MODELS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:111 (abstract no. 314) de Boer R, Boucher C The model suggests a novel therapeutic approach for AIDS: reducing the CD4 count slightly will strongly reduce the HIV load. Combining this anti-CD4 treatment with the conventional anti-HIV therapy prevents the outgrowth of the drug resistant HIV escape mutants.
315	CYSTAMINE INHIBITS HIV-1 REPLICATION IN CORD BLOOD-DERIVED MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:111 (abstract no. 315) Ho WZ, Kaufman D, Douglas SD Thus, these observations indicate that cystamine may have the potential to limit HIV-1 replication in CBMDM and lymphocytes in vivo and may represent potentially useful compounds in the treatment of pediatric HIV-1 infection and AIDS.
316	ACTIVATION OF MODIFIED ANTHRAX TOXIN BY HIV-1 INFECTED CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:111 (abstract no. 316) McDonald FS, Klimpel KR, Wood O, Ussery MA, Leppla SH Recombinant proteins were assayed for activity in both normal and HIV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) in the presence of modified LF. Three of the recombinant proteins tested appeared to selectively kill infected PBMC's. This suggests that modified PA may have a potential therapeutic effect.
317	IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF MAMMALIAN CELL-DERIVED HUMAN RECOMBINANT GROWTH HORMONE (R-HGH[M]) IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS WASTING. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:112 (abstract no. 317) Denny TN, Landy H, Breitmeyer JB In conclusion r-hGH[m] appeared to stimulate hematopoiesis, primarily in the granulocyte line, and ameliorated the myelosuppressive effects of AZT. Gains in lean body mass may also be beneficial in preventing morbidity.
318	PRESERVATION OF ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS TO POISON IVY (URUSHIOL) IN LATE HIV DISEASE: THE IMPLICATIONS AND RELEVANCE TO IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH CONTACT ALLERGENS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:112 (abstract no. 318) Smith KJ, Nelson A, Wagner KF, Hackley B However, the effected cells in ACD may be more diverse than in DTH. This diversity, as well as the variable effect of HIV disease on Langerhans cell function, may explain the continued reaction to some contact allergens in late disease, and may be important allergens for immunotherapy in the use of contact allergens for immunotherapy.
319	FREQUENCY OF AZT RESISTANT VARIANTS AND THEIR TRANSMISSION IN THE HIV-1 POPULATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:112 (abstract no. 319) Quigg M, Darby G, Leigh Brown AJ Those identified as mutant at position 215 are further analyzed by direct sequencing of the entire reverse transcriptase coding region to identify other resistance associated mutations. Identification of a mutant genotype would be indicative of, or suggest that it belonged to a variant that was transmitted to the individual from the source of HIV infection.
320	ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HIV STRAINS IN 10 ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS ON LONG-TERM ZDV MONOTHERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:112 (abstract no. 320) Leport C, Des-Camps D, Lacassin F, Simon F, Tilly F, Vilde JL, Brun-Vezinet F These observations show that even after long term ZDV monotherapy, in patients clinically and immunologically stable, half of HIV1 strains are of the wild type. The fact that the patients who progressed had a high proportion of mutant strains suggest that detection of resistance to ZDV, as assessed by codon 215 mutation, might be one criterion to help decision to change antiretroviral therapy.
321	DRUG RESISTANCE AND VIRAL LOAD IN NUCA 3002: LAMIVUDINE (3TC) (HIGH OR LOW DOSE)/ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) COMBINATION THERAPY VERSUS ZDV/DIDEOXYCYTIDINE (DDC) COMBINATION THERAPY IN ZDV-EXPERIENCED ≥ 24 WEEKS) PATIENTS (CD4 CELLS 100-300/mm�). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:113 (abstract no. 321) Johnson VA, Quinn JB, Benoit SL, Wagner SF, Overbay CB, Wagner JR, Bartlett JA, Fallon MA, Cammack N, Rubin M In 34 subjects with evidence of phenotypic 3TC resistance at Wk 12, sustained antiviral effect on viral load was seen through 24 weeks during combined 3TC/ZDV therapy. Genetic analysis of selected HIV-1 isolates is underway. Investigation of basic RT enzymology and viral replication kinetics is planned.
322	RESISTANCE TO OXATHIIN CARBOXANILDE DERIVATIVES: EVALUATION OF VARIABLES IN THE RESISTANCE SELECTION PROCESS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:113 (abstract no. 322) Kinjerski TL, Pallansch LA, Buckheit RW These results demonstrate that the UC compounds may select from the heterogeneous wild type population a wide variety of virus isolates with distinct changes in the RT in order to evade the antiviral effects of a given compound. This work was supported in part by NCI contact NO1-CM-378 18.
323	DELAVIRDINE (DLV) SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HIV-1 ISOLATES OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS (PTS) RECEIVING DLV MONOTHERAPY (ACTG 260). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:113 (abstract no. 323) Demeter L, Shafer R, Para M, Morse G, Freimuth W, Merigan T, Reichman R; Univ Rochester, NY. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels showed significant decreases at week 2, with subsequent rises in those patients who had isolates with decreased DLV susceptibility. In summary, decreased DLV susceptibility occurred frequently, and was associated with RT mutations at codons 103, 181, and 236. Analyses of the correlation between plasma DLV levels and DLV IC₅₀ will be made in a subset of patients who demonstrated sustained decreases in plasma HIV-1 RNA.
324	PROBABLE HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1 CONTAINING THE AZT RESISTANCE (AZT-R) MUTATION AT CODON 70 OF THE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (RT). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:113 (abstract no. 324) Demeter L, Keefer M, Gerondelis P, Dexter A, Reichman R This report demonstrates the presence of the K70R mutation in a pt within 1 to 7 months after seroconversion that persisted for 4 months in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Sequence analyses of individual PCR clones obtained from the partner are in progress to determine whether a minor subpopulation of the K70R mutant persisted in the partner's quasi species.
325	SURROGATE MARKER RESPONSE TO NVP/ZDV OR ZDV IN A BLINDED CLINICAL TRIAL: CORRELATION TO CHANGES IN HIV ISOLATE PHENOTYPIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NVP AND ZDV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:113 (abstract no. 325) Pollard R Relationships between changes in IC₅₀s and surrogate marker responses will be presented.
326	MUTAGENESIS OF THE HIV-1 RT β3- β4 HAIRPIN REVEALS NOVEL MUTATIONS CONFERRING DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE RESISTANCE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:113 (abstract no. 326) Japour AJ, Drosopoulosa W, Katapodisa N, Chung PH, Kew Y, Prasad V In contrast, both lengthening and shortening side chains at codon 75 induced resistance but did not affect RT function significantly. A majority of ddATPR mutants were cross-resistant to ddCTP, however, some mutations caused only ddCTPR, suggesting that different mutations may affect the dNTP binding pocket differently.
327	SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HIV-1 GROUP O TO ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:114 (abstract no. 327) Descamps D, Loussert-Ajaka I, Candoit D, Collin G, Bouchaud O, Saragost S, Simon F, Brun-Vezinet F These results provide a phenotypic confirmation of the large intra-group O and inter-group O and M variability.
328	INCREASED FIDELITY ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG-RESISTANT MUTANTS OF HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:114 (abstract no. 328) Drosopoulos WC, Manne J, Rezende L, Wainberg MA, Prasad VR Our results imply that a biphasic combination therapy in which treatment with a nucleoside analog that generates high fidelity viruses precedes a second drug is likely to reduce the risk of resistance to the second drug. We are currently examining several mutations (M184V, M1841, M184A and Q151M) for polymerase fidelity. We are also developing HIV-based single-cycle infection assay to rapidly screen drug resistance mutations for their impact on genetic variation.
329	GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC CHANGES DURING CULTURE OF WILD-TYPE (WT) AND MULTI-NUCLEOSIDE RESISTANT (MNR) HIV-1 (HIV) STRAINS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:114 (abstract no. 329) Shafer R, Winters M, Iversen A, Merigan T MNR mutations (V751 + F77L + FI 16Y+Q151 M) are stable during in vitro passage. The development of NVP or 3TC resistance by the mutations Y181C or Ml841 does not lead to a compensatory decrease in resistance to either AZT or ddI.
330	NEVIRAPINE SUSCEPTIBILITY PHENOTYPES OF HIV-1 RECOMBINANT VIRUSES WITH SPECIFIC REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE GENES FROM CLINICAL ISOLATES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:114 (abstract no. 330) Pauleit D, Barringer K, Grob P, Shih CK In contrast, nevirapine resistance mutations has little influence on the susceptibility to ZDV or DDI. Our study indicates that the mechanism of resistance to nevirapine is distinct from that of nucleoside drugs, and warrants the combination regimen of nevirapine with other types of drugs in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
331	POTENTIAL PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM FOR ZDV-RESISTANT CLINICAL ISOLATES WITH ROBUST REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:114 (abstract no. 331) Welles S, Mayers D, Smeaton L, Chatis P, Greene R, Prasad V, Japour A These findings offer a potential pathogenetic mechanism among patients with ZDV-R even after treatment is switched to ddI: High RT activity could lead to increased virus burden, thereby leading to more rapid clinical progression and death.
332	EVALUATION OF THE NOVEL NUCLEOSIDE 1592U89 IN A PHASE I SAFETY AND PHARMACOKINETICS (PK) STUDY IN HIV-INFECTED INFANTS AND CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:115 (abstract no. 332) Hughes W, McDowell J, L Adams, Flynn P, Hetherington S, Kline M, Shenep J, Yogev R, Lafon S The C_max and AUC demonstrated dose-dependent PK. Both doses were safe and well-tolerated. A mild rash was the only adverse event reported and occurred in two subjects.
333	DEXTRIN 2-SULPHATE: A SULPHATED POLYSACCHARIDE WHICH BLOCKS INFECTION OF PRIMARY LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES BY PRIMARY SI AND NSI ISOLATES OF HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:115 (abstract no. 333) Javan C, Gooderham N, Edwards R, Davies D, Shaunak S In contrast to published reports for dextran sulphate, we found that D2S blocks infection of both PBMN cells and MDMs by primary SI and NSI isolates of HIV at concentrations which do not have a significant anticoagulant effect. A Phase II clinical trial is now in progress.
334	ROLE OF LEUCINE-100 IN THE BINDING OF NNRTIS TO HIV-1 RT: IMPLICATIONS FOR NNRTI THERAPY AND DRUG RESISTANCE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:115 (abstract no. 334) Buckheit RW, Pattabiraman N, Gussio R We have found that the compound α-APA will inhibit virus isolates with the L 1001 mutation in the RT and the combination of calanolide A and α-APA maybe therapeutically beneficial. The design of other compounds inhibitory to the 1100 virus maybe based on the proposed molecular model.
335	T-20:A PEPTIDE-BASED MEMBRANE FUSION INHIBITOR DIRECTED AGAINST HIV-1 GP41. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:115 (abstract no. 335) Ross Johnson M, Lambert DM, Hopkins S, Recny MA Following intravenous administration to rodents, T-20 rapidly distributes into lymphatic fluid at concentrations similar to those achieved in plasma. Studies are in progress to evaluate the antiviral activity of T-20 in the PBMC-reconstituted SCID-Hu model of HIV-1 infection.
336	BIOAVAILABILITY AND TOLERANCE OF CI-1013 (PD 161374)--AN ISOTHIAZOLONE WITH IN VITRO ANTI HIV-1 ACTIVITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:115 (abstract no. 336) Saunders J, Vanderroest S, Gracheck S These doses achieve the drug concentrations necessary for anti HIV-1 activity based on the compound's in vitro activity.
337	RANGE AND MECHANISM OF ANTI-HIV ACTION OF UNUSUAL SINGLE-STRANDED POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:116 (abstract no. 337) Lackman-Smith C, Snow MJ, Halliday SM, Broom AD, Buckheit RW Cell-based mechanistic assays, however, indicated that BY2-51 interferes with the attachment of HIV to target cells. BY2-51 also inhibited the fusion of env-expressing and CD4- expressing cells, but at ten-fold higher concentrations.
338	TWO NOVEL CLASSES OF HIV-1 INHIBITORS WHICH INTERACT WITH 338 NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN P7NC: STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS VS. ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AND CORRELATION WITH ZN EJECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:116 (abstract no. 338) Domagala J, Gogliotti R, Sanchez J, Stier M, Tummino P, Gracheck S, Hupe D, Bader J, Schultz R, Rice W Certain 2-substituted isothiazolones 2, which could be derived from the disulfides also demonstrated antiviral activity and Zn ejection. The chemical and biological relationship between 1 and 2 will be discussed. See original paper to view figure.
339	BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ZN EJECTION FROM HIV NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN BY AROMATIC DISULFIDES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:116 (abstract no. 339) Reily MD, Loo JA These findings are discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of Zn ejection by aromatic disulfides.
340	INHIBITION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1) REPLICATION BY A CELLULAR PROTEIN (MBP-1). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:116 (abstract no. 340) Ray RB, Srinivas RV The results suggest that MBP-1 may play an important role in the regulation of HIV-LTR expression and virus replication in infected cells, and identify new approaches for the intervention of HIV infections.
341	ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY OF CI-1012 (PD 159206) AND CI-1013 (PD 161374): NOVEL ANTI-HIV AGENTS WHICH FUNCTION AT EARLY STEPS OF VIRUS REPLICATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:116 (abstract no. 341) McQuade T, Heldsinger A, Domagala J, Gracheck S, Sharmeen L Retroviral nucleocapsid protein has been proposed to have several functions including RNA packaging, assembly of virus structure, RNA dimerisation, and a role in reverse transcription. CI-1012 does not have any observable effect on genomic RNA packaging. Virions released from drug treated cells have similar level of infectivity to virions from untreated cells. Our current model for antiviral activity of this class suggest that these compounds act at an early step prior to reverse transcription.
342	INHIBITION OF HIV-1 INTEGRASE BY SMALL MOLECULAR WEIGHT SULFONATES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:116 (abstract no. 342) Hazuda DJ, Wolfe AL, Felock PJ, Hastings JC, Uncapher Blau C, Schleif WA, Lineberger DW Therefore, despite the relative lack of specificity, with the recent publication of the structure of the HIV-1 integrase catalytic domain, compounds such as these may prove to be useful as reagents for structural and mechanistic studies leading to the design of more efficacious and selective inhibitors for this essential step in HIV-1 replication.
343	A PRODRUG OF AZT WITH IMPROVED ANTI-VIRAL ACTION AND DECREASED MARROW TOXICITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:117 (abstract no. 343) Yatvin M, Li W, Stowell M, Gallicchio V, Shaw W, Burgess S In summary AE6C could be of great clinical significance in treating HIV infection because: it results in higher initial intracellular drug levels; its retention in cells provides a prodrug reservoir from which AZT is enzymatically released maintaining effective drug levels allowing longer intervals between doses; and because it is less toxic to bone marrow progenitor cells it is less likely to induce anemia.
344	USE OF FLOXURIDINE TO MODULATE THE ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF ZIDOVUDINE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:117 (abstract no. 344) Medina DJ, Tung PP, Strair RK This combination suppresses early viral breakthrough, lowers the IC₅₀ of AZT, and has particular antiviral efficacy in the subset of cells that are infected with AZT-sensitive virus in the presence of AZT, The antiviral efficacy of this combination in PBMC suggests potential clinical utility.
345	β-L-AZTMP-METHYL-S-ACYL-2-THIOETHYL (SATE), A PRODRUG OF β-L-AZT-5'-MONOPHOSPHATE WITH ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:117 (abstract no. 345) Faraj A, El Alaoui MA, Pavia G, Gosselin G, Lloyd RM, Juodawlkis AS, Schinazi RF, Aubertin AM, Imbach JL, Sommadossi JP The selectivity of β-L-AZTTP for viral versus host polymerases warrants further investigations toward its intracellular delivery.
346	ANTIRETROVIRAL ACTIVITY OF RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE INHIBITORS HYDROXYUREA, DIDOX AND TRIMIDOX IN THE IN VIVO RAUSCHER MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (RMULV) MODEL: MONO-AND COMBINATION THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:117 (abstract no. 346) Kunder SC, Black PL, Hall BE, Elford HL, Ussery MA Preliminary combination studies with HU and ddl have suggested synergy in reduction of viremia. Reduction of competing pools of naturally occurring deoxynucleotides by HU probably accounts for this synergy.
347	DEVELOPMENT OF CD4-IGG2 FOR THE PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPY OF HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:117 (abstract no. 347) Allaway GP, Olson WC, Garcia EB, Gauduin MC, Koup RA, Trkola A, Moore JP, Maddon PJ Finally, the ability of CD4-IgG2 to protect against infection by primary isolates of HIV-1 is currently being tested in an animal model of HIV-1 infection. In summary, the properties of CD4-IgG2 strongly support the clinical development of this molecule for HIV-1 immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy.
348	A PHASE I TRIAL OF (131)I-CD4-γ2 (RECOMBINANT HUMAN CD4-IGG2 FUSION PROTEIN)IN HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:117 (abstract no. 348) Israel R, Jurcic J, Sgouros G, Minamoto G, Straus D, Polsky B, Olson W, Allaway G, Maddon P, Larson S Despite the advanced stage of these patients, evidence of uptake of the radiolabel was observed in one patient. The trial is now being expanded to patients with higher CD4 counts which may represent a more appropriate setting of the disease for determination of CD4-γ2 targeting.
349	STUDIES INTO THE MECHANISM(S) OF INHIBITION OF HIV-1 REPLICATION BY INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 (IGF-1). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:118 (abstract no. 349) Germinario RJ, Faust E, Davison K, Colby-Germnario SP, Acel AL, Mak J, Wainberg MA Further, transfection of HIV LTR CAT into Jurkat cells stably transfected with tat demonstrated CAT activity which was inhibited by IGF-1 (27%). The data suggest that IGF-1 may inhibit HIV replication via interference with tat mediated activation of transcription from the HIV LTR. Supported by grants from NHRDP of Canada.
350	SUPPRESSION OF HIV REPLICATION BY NATURAL HEMOGLOBIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:118 (abstract no. 350) Porat R, Walsh S, Hoyle S, Wang A, Dinarello C, Skolnik P These results suggest that Hgb, a natural molecule, has an inhibitory effect on HIV replication in acutely-and chronically-infected monocytic and lymphocytic cells.
351	AN EMULSION WITH EFFECTIVE VIRUCIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HIV-1 AND OTHER COMMON VIRUSES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:118 (abstract no. 351) Wright DC, Kaufman B, Brisker J, Collins H, Bernbaum J, Chatlynne LG; Novavax, Inc., Rockville, MD. An antiviral emulsion has been prepared which inactivates enveloped viruses on contact and is safe in a subacute oral rat toxicity model. It is hoped that this preparation will prove to bean effective agent for inactivation of viruses on mucosal surfaces.
352	CONCENTRATION-TARGETED (CT) DELAVIRDINE THERAPY IN 82 PATIENTS IN ACTG 260. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:118 (abstract no. 352) Morse G, Para M, Fischl M, Freimuth W CT DLV troughs were attained in 67/82 (83%) patients. A majority of the patients attained the lower two ranges; however the higher target range was more difficult to attain and took longer to achieve, posssibly due to the development of rash (which required dose-reduction) or PK-related factors. The CT study design allowed for evaluation of daily doses up to 2550 mg, underscoring the rationale for CT trials for antiretrovirals with considerable interpatient PK variability.
353	CONCENTRATION-CONTROLLED ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) THERAPY: PRELIMINARY SAFETY, VIROLOGIC, AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESULTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:118 (abstract no. 353) Fletcher CV, Acosta EP, Henry K, Erice S, Page LM, Balfour HH JR These data indicate that CCRx is feasible and target concentrations can be maintained in ambulatory patients. CCRx appears as safe as STD. Preliminary virology and immunology data suggest benefit of CCRx and provide a motivation to continue its evaluation in additional patients.
354	ZIDOVUDINE ADMINISTERED EVERY FOUR OR EVERY TWELVE HOURS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:119 (abstract no. 354) Shepp DH, Moore MD, McIunnis R, Rooney JF No clinically significant differences were observed in the parameters monitored between the two ZDV dosing regimens.
355	QUANTITATION OF 3'-AMINO-3'-DEOXYTHYMIDINE (AMT), A TOXIC CATABOLITE OF 3'-AZIDO-3'-DEOXYTHYMIDINE (AZT), BY COMPETITIVE ELISA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:119 (abstract no. 355) Guedj R, Chakboub H, Ferrua B, Roitin C, Garraffo R, Abdesslem F, Grassi J, Sommadossi JP This ELISA technique was applied for monitoring AMT plasma levels in patients receiving AZT therapy. The intra and inter-individual variations of the AZT/AMT plasma concentration ratios underlined the need for such a specific test in studying the formation of this toxic catabolite.
356	ZIDOVUDINE ABSORPTION AND DIARRHEA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:119 (abstract no. 356) Macnab KA, Gill J, Sutherland L Although zidovudine absorption varies significantly, our data does not support dosage individualization based on any of the above parameters.
357	QUALITY OF LIFE ASSOCIATED WITH ZIDOVUDINE PLUS LAMIVUDINE COMBINATION TREATMENT IN THERAPY-NAÏVE HIV INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:119 (abstract no. 357) Scott-Lennox JA, Adams JE, Lee JT, Lennox RD Clinical trial data suggest that for most dimensions of the MOS-HIV, combination antiretroviral therapy with ZDV+LAM has comparable quality of life associated with as does monotherapy.
358	PREDICTORS OF SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:119 (abstract no. 358) Rachlis AR, Palmer RW, Peter AM These initial analyses confirm recent findings of the benefit of combination/sequential therapy over ZDV monotherapy. Additional work is required to fully characterize the effect of treatment strategy on survival observed in this study. Further analyses will be presented on a larger sample of this cohort.
359	DOES QUALITY OF LIFE IN WOMEN VARY BY TYPE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:120 (abstract no. 359) Dehovitz J, Feldman J These data indicate that patients on ddI were more severely ill both in terms of empirical criteria (i.e., CD4 level) and perceived health status. Nonetheless, patients on ddI had quality-of-life indices similar to patients on AZT and were less likely to report pain and feeling bad.
360	COMBINED CARTRIDGE-RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA) FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) PHOSPHATES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM PATIENTS RECEIVING ZDV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:120 (abstract no. 360) Robbins BL, Waibel BH, Flynn PM, Fridland A This improved assay may provide a novel methodology for pharmacological monitoring of ZDV therapy and for studies of alternative drug strategies.
361	QUANTITATITATION OF VIROLOGICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR PARMETERS TO EVALUATE ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG ACTIVITY: AN IN VITRO MODEL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:120 (abstract no. 361) Achilli G, Debiaggi M, Bruno R, Carlevari M, Giacobone E, Romero E, Filice G Quantitative evaluation of virological and biomolecular parameters represent a good tool to study antiretroviral drugs. viral replication is monitored as intracellular transcriptional activity, viral RNA, and viral infectivity. Partially Supported by IRCCS-S. Matteo "Ricerca Finalizzata".
362	A STANDARDIZED SMALL ANIMAL MODEL FOR PRECLINICAL EFFICACY TESTING OF ANTI-HIV-1 COMPOUNDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:120 (abstract no. 362) Rabin L, Hincenbergs M, Moreno M, Warren S, Linquist V, Datema R, Charpiot B, Seifert J, Kaneshima H, McCune JM Given the relatively large group sizes of animals that can be entered into multiple dose points with this small animal model, it can provide statistically meaningful results in the prioritization of lead compounds within a common chemical class, in the evaluation of alternative in vivo dosing regimens, and in the determination of appropriate combination therapy in vivo.
363	DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROTITER-BASED ASSAY TO RAPIDLY IDENTIFY INHIBITORS OF HIV SEXUAL TRANSMISSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:120 (abstract no. 363) Halliday S, Buckheit Jr., RW These assays will be useful for the identification of compounds, defined as topical microbicides, which might be used actively by women prior to sexual intercourse to prevent the transmission of virus to epithelial cells of the cervix or vaginal tract. This work was supported by Contract NO1-AI-05087 from the Division of AIDS, NIAID.
364	DIFFERENCES IN HIV PROVIRUS AND PLASMA VIRUS REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (RT) GENE USING A LINE PROBE ASSAY (LIPA). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:121 (abstract no. 364) Stuyver L, Schinazi RF, Wyseur A, Lloyd RM JR, Scarcez T, Rossau R, Rimland D Differences in provirus and plasma virus sequence motifs were observed in 5 out of 10 patients analyzed. Of special interest are (i) the mutants in provirus with wild type sequences in plasma, (ii) the appearance of rare wild type plasma virus sequences in one of those cases, and (iii) the concomitant mutations at codon 214 and 215.
365	SHORT- TERM VARIABILITY OF PLASMA VIREMIA AMONG CLINICALLY STABLE HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:121 (abstract no. 365) Raboud JM, Montaner JS, Conway B, Patenaude PG, O'Shaughnessy MV Significant short-term variability in plasma viremia was Documented among clinically stable HIV-positive patients. Our data suggests that changes in plasma viremia among patients who have levels below 500 copies/mL are not reliable. Furthermore, our data demonstrates that fluctuations of up to 0.5 log copies can occur among patients whose plasma viremia is above 500 copies/mL without changes in clinical status.
366	NO ASSOCIATION OF SERUM HIV RNA WITH THE DECLINE OF CD4+ T CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:121 (abstract no. 366) Zangerle R, Steinhuber S, Sarclett M, Fuchs D, Wachter H, Dierich MP, Most J We conclude, that HIV RNA should be compared with other sensitive predictors of disease progression (e.g. sTNFR 75).
367	LACK OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ACYCLOVIR USE AND SURVIVAL IN AN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT ENROLLED BY THE COMMUNITY PROGRAM FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH ON AIDS (CPCRA). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:121 (abstract no. 367) Torres R, Neaton J, Wentworth D, Barr M, Abrams D, Sherer R, Ward T, Sampson J Use of acyclovir was not associated with improved survival in this large cohort of 2,368 HIV-infected patients, and our findings suggest that intermittent use of acyclovir may be associated with an increased risk of death. Selection biases could have a marked effect on these findings as well as findings from other observational studies.
368	LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF CURE OR PREVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:121 (abstract no. 368) Mc Grath J, Chard S, Mafagiri D, Kabugo M, Senvewo R, Namande-Kyambadde B, Mugyenyi P, Loughlin A Local perceptions regarding prevention and cure indicate that understandings of "treatment" versus "prevention" do not always match those of Western-trained researchers. Clinical trial design must consider local understandings in order to recruit and retain appropriate subjects and obtain required informed consent.
369	CLINICAL END-POINT TRIAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY: OPTIMISATION OF SUBJECT RECRUITMENT AND COMPLIANCE IN THE CAESAR (3TC) ADULT CLINICAL END-POINT TRIAL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:122 (abstract no. 369) Katlama C, Cooper D, Montaner J, Stoffels P, Hill A, Collis P, McDade H The design of the trial is likely to have facilitated its rapid enrollment. Trial follow-up and measures of compliance continue.
370	INHIBITION OF HIV-1 REPLICATION IN PRIMARY MACROPHAGES BY ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: MODULATION CYTOKINES AND COMPARATIVE EFFICACY IN LYMPHOCYTES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:122 (abstract no. 370) Aquaro S, Perno CF, Balzarini J, Balestra E, Canini I, Monque D, Ceci A, Villani N, Calio R The only exceptions were the protease inhibitors, that show good activity in chronically-infected M/M, although at concentrations > those active in lymphocytes. Overall results underline the different activity of anti-HIV drugs in M/M, and suggest the importance of selecting compounds active against HIV in both cell type.
371	ONE YEAR SUPPLEMENTATION OF HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS WITH SELENIUM OR β-CAROTENE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:122 (abstract no. 371) Constans J, Pellegrin JL, Delmas-Beauvieux MC, Sergeant C, Peuchant E, Pellegrin I, Simonoff M, Fleury H, Leng B, Conri C Total glutathion decreased in the increased in the Se and βC groups. Supplementation with results in an improvement of some natural antioxidant be beneficial for the immune system while the effects seem more limited. Larger trials are needed with selenium.
372	THE USE OF FOLINIC ACID (FA) IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS (HIV+) WITH A MILD NEUTROPENIA AND/OR ANEMIA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:122 (abstract no. 372) Mars ME, Gensollen S, Bastia B, Loi S, Suzan V, Bongrand MC, Timon-David P, Gallais H FA is a well-tolerated drug which can be helpfull in the therapy of HIV+ patients. Actually its concomitant use with pyrimethamine is admitted, and this study tends to prove that a mild neutropenia or/and anemia are other indications. It will be interesting to compare its efficacity (to those of growth factors) in severe anemia or/and neutropenia.
373	ACUTE EFFECTS OF WHOLE BODY HYPERTHERMIA (WBH) ON PLASMA HIV RNA LEVELS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:122 (abstract no. 373) Henry K, Erice A, Balfour H, Beatty C, St Cyr J The rapid increase in plasma HIV RNA levels seen by Days 1 and 3 post-WBH was not accompanied by a similar increase in quantitative PBMC or PL HIV culture titers. This observation suggests that WBH caused a heat-induced release of nonviable HIV from cells and/or tissue compartments. Further studies of the effect of WBH on levels of HIV RNA in tissues and plasma may provide further insights into HIV kinetics.
374	EXTRACORPOREAL WHOLE BODY HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENTS FOR HIV INFECTION AND AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:122 (abstract no. 374) Ash SR, Steinhart CR, Curfman MF, Gingrich CH, Sapir DA, Bick CT, Yatvin MB Several AIDS-defining events have occured in control patients but none in treated patients (confirming similar findings of a study of single WBHT performed in 1994). WBHT is generally safe in far advanced HIV patients, and may have a positive effect on surrogate markers and clinical status.
375	HIV REPLICATION ENHANCES SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHRONICALLY INFECTED T CELLS TO LITHIUM G-LINOLENIC ACID-INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:123 (abstract no. 375) Mpanju O, Winther M, Manning J, O'Shaughnessy MV, Conway B These data provide further evidence that LiGLA is preferentially toxic to cells that are productively infected with HIV. The possible mechanism(s) of this phenomenon, and its potential usefulness in anti-HIV therapy as well as study of HIV-related cell death shall be discussed.
376	INTERMITTENT DETECTION OF KAPOSI'S SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS (KSHV) IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF HIV-INFECTED KAPOSI'S SARCOMA PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:123 (abstract no. 376) Dupon M, Masquelier B, Dumon B, Cazorla C, Ragnaud JM, Debarbeyrac B, Bebear C, Lacut JY, Fleury HJ Mean PBMC count (as TCD4 count) was significantly greater (1587 vs 894/mm³), mean mean delay between KS diagnosis and sampling was longer (19.6 vs 7.6 months) and KS was more disseminated in the 17 positive than in the 18 negative AIDS-KS patients. Serial sampling showed that detection was intermittent in all but one patient.
377	DETECTION OF HERPESVIRUS DNA SEQUENCES IN PATIENTS WITH MEDITERRANEAN KAPOSI'S SARCOMA AND CASTELMAN'S DISEASE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:123 (abstract no. 377) Dupin N, Grandadam M, Calvez V, Gorin I, Deleuze J, Havard S, Mugnier P, Agut H, Huraux JM, Escande J-P In both cases, KSHV DNA sequences could be detected in PBMCs of a close epidemiological link between KS and Castleman's disease, this last result alowed to suspect a role of KSHV in the emergence of Castleman's disease. According to others studies, our results illustrated the hypothesis of a new herpesvirus as the etiological agent of KS and its potential role in tumoral processess.
378	LOCALIZATION OF HHV-8 IN KAPOSI'S SARCOMA LESIONS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:123 (abstract no. 378) Bagasra O, Bobroski L, Bagasra AU, Saikumari P, Wood C, Sosa C, Pomerantz RJ Our preliminary analysis demonstrated that KSHV viruses are most abundant in, but not limited to, spindle-like cells surrounding the KS-lesions. Foci of KSHV are also present in various layers of dermis, but are absent in the granular cells.
379	RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF DOXIL® VS. ADRIAMYCIN, BLEOMYCIN, AND VINCRISTINE (ABV) IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE AIDS-RELATED KAPOSI'S SARCOMA (AIDS-KS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:123 (abstract no. 379) Northfelt DW, Dezube B, Thommes J, Miller B, Mamelok RD, Dumond CE, Henry D One DOXIL patient and 6 ABV patients had progressive disease. There were 3 ABV patients who were nonevaluable. The medial duration of PR was 107 (DOXIL) and 92 (ABV) days. The occurrence of selected toxicities for DOXIL compared to ABV, respectively, were fever 24%, 37%; nausea 31%, 56%; neuropathy 5%, 9%; leukopenia 44%, 47%; and any severe toxicities 54%, 66%. AIDS-KS associated edema and lesion color improved in patients in both groups. DOXIL is significantly more effective than ABV in producing objective responses in AIDS-KS. The risk to benefit ratio is more favorable for DOXIL than for ABV.
380	AZT AND THE RATE OF NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: A NESTED CASE-CONTROL ANALYSIS WITHIN THE SWISS HIV COHORT STUDY (SHCS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:124 (abstract no. 380) Overbeck JV, Betschart E, Egger M AZT treatment was not associated with the rate of developing NHL. Homosexual HIV transmission was strongly associated with the rate of NHL. This may reflect coinfection with an other viral agent.
381	LUNG CARCINOMAS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:124 (abstract no. 381) Clark DP, Nelson AM, Frankel SS, Chen JT, Fortunado R, Koss MN In this series, lung carcinomas in HIV positive patients were predominately poorly differentiated, advanced stage, occurred at younger age (< 45) and were associated with smoking and low CD4+ counts. Increased surveillance of non-indicator tumors in HIV posiitive patients is required to determine the true significance of these findings.
382	SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND RISK OF KAPOSI'S SARCOMA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:124 (abstract no. 382) Grulich A, Hendry O, Luo K, Bodsworth N, Cooper D, Kaldor J These results support the role of an agent transmitted by the fecal-oral route in the causation of AIDS-KS. Previous studies which have not found a relationship with sexual activities involving potential fecal contact have measured these activities after diagnosis of HIV and AIDS, or have not separated sexual practices with regular and casual partners.
383	NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH 2'3'- DIDEOXYINOSINE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:124 (abstract no. 383) Clifford DB, Dafni U, Sidtis JJ, Hall C, Kieburtz K, Tucker T, Slasor P, Price RW We conclude that for non-demented HIV subjects, ddI appears to be similar in efficacy to ZDV in maintaining neurological performance for at least a one year timeframe. Manifestations of neuropathy were similar in ZDV and ddI treated patients under the protocols used.
384	CLINICAL EFFICACY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING COMPARED TO COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN NEUROLOGICALLY SYMPTOMATIC HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:124 (abstract no. 384) Welker Y, Zagdanski AM, de la Blanchardiere A, Guermazi A, Frija J, Modai J, Molina JM In most cases CT brain scan is sufficient for initial evaluation of neurologically symptomatic HIV-infected patients. MRI should only be performed in selected cases.
385	PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS WITH DIFFUSE INFILTRATIVE LYMPHOCYTOSIS SYNDROME (DILS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:125 (abstract no. 385) Moulignier A, Authier F, Baudrimont M, Pialoux G, Bélec L, Gray F, Mikol J, Gherardi R DILS neuropathy is a treatable HIV-associated neuropathy, characterized by pseudolymphomatous CD8 infiltration of nerve. Abundant expression of HIV proteins and genomes in nerve tissue of patients with DILS is consistent with an antigenically-driven clonal expansion of CD8 T cells to HIV.
386	THE SAFETY AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF SINGLE AGENT AND COMBINATION THERAPY WITH MEGESTROL ACETATE AND DRONABINOL FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIV-WASTING SYNDROME. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:125 (abstract no. 386) Timpone JG, Wright D, Li N, Egorin MJ, Enama ME, Mayers J, Galetto G There was no evidence of drug-drug interactions. For megestrol acetate, but not dronabinol, there was a positive correlation at week 2 between both C_max and AUC with each of the following: 1) weight change, 2) breakfast visual analog scale for hunger (VASH)score, and 3) dinner VASH score.
387	SPECTRUM OF PITUITARY-GONADAL DYSFUNCTION IN HIV-INFECTED MEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:125 (abstract no. 387) Falutz J An entity of compensated primary hypogonadism, with normal T and ↑ LH/FSH, is described, occurring at all stages of HIV infection, and especially in men with advanced disease. This may represent preclinical hypogonadism. Most ASx men, regardless of CD4 levels, were eugonadal, while < 25% of Sx men with < 200 CD4's had normal LH, FSH and T. Both primary and secondary hypogonadism were observed at all clinical stages and CD4 levels. Given the possible range of low T associated manifestations, especially on nutritional status and quality of life, both pituitary and gonadal hormones should be checked regularly, especially in symptomatic men.
388	EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY ON LEAN BODY MASS (LBM) AND AIDS-DEFINING EVENTS IN HIV-ASSOCIATED WASTING (HIV-W). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:125 (abstract no. 388) Daar ES, LaMarca A, Schambelan M, Grunfeld C, Mulligan K, Breitmeyer J Viral burden and CD4⁺ lymphocytes did not change significantly over 12 weeks in the PL-GH group. This study suggests that r-hGH[m] therapy for HIV-W is safe, results in a sustained increase in LBM and possibly a reduction in AIDS-defining events.
389	RECOMBINANT, MAMMALIAN CELL-DERIVED HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (R- HGH[M]) DOES NOT INCREASE HIV REPLICATION IN VITRO OR IN TREATED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:125 (abstract no. 389) Daar ES, Polsky B, Mellors J, Breitmeyer J In conclusion, r-hGH[m] does not enhance replication of primary HIV isolates in vitro, does not antagonize the inhibition of HIV infection by nucleoside analogs, and does not increase plasma HIV RNA, p24 antigen or infectious viremia in patients with AIDS wasting.
390	DISORDERS OF SOMATOTROPHIC AXIS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:126 (abstract no. 390) Rabaud CH, Dousset B, Hussenet F, Amiel C, May TH, Canton PH Such correlation did not occur in HIV infected patients. Two forms of IGFBP-1 are known: one promotes IGF-I effects on cells and the other inhibits it. If the inhibiting form appears to be increased, it could explain the poor results obtained with rhIGH-I treatment.
391	THE CARDIOLIPIN SYNDROME IN HIV+ PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:126 (abstract no. 391) Cone LA, Byrd RG, Hirschberg JM, Potts B Therapy with either anticoagulants, γ globulin, corticosteroids or plasma pheresis resulted in objective clinical improvement in all 7 of those who were treated. We suggest that a cardiolipin syndrome evolves in some patients with HIV and APA, and that conventional therapy is effective in controlling their disease.
392	UNUSUAL OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:126 (abstract no. 392) Klassen MK, Frankel SS, Neafie R, Wenig BM, Nelson AM HIV infected patients may develop infections with unusual pathogens not included in the CDC list of indicator conditions. Patients who develop such infections tend to have low CD4 counts. These unusual infections may prove to be new indicator conditions.
393	CHARACTERISTICS OF HIV+ PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED AT AN URBAN MEDICAL CENTER AND POTENTIAL IMPACT OF PROPHYLAXIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:126 (abstract no. 393) Gilbert HM, Tennenberg AM, Jacobs J, Sepkowitz KA Non-OI-related illnesses account for the majority of hospitalizations in our group of patients, and recurrent admits are common. 15% of admits occurred in pas with > 200 CD4 cells. Routine use of prophylaxis for OIs would have prevented < 20% of all admissions. Future studies are necessary to identify alternative means to decrease admit rates.
394	OXYMETHOLONE PROMOTES SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT GAIN IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:126 (abstract no. 394) Hengge UR, Baumann M, Maleba R, Brockmeyer N, Goos M These results suggest a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial.
395	EARLY EVENTS IN THE THYMUS DURING INFECTION WITH PATHOGENIC AND NONPATHOGENIC MOLECULAR CLONES OF SIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:127 (abstract no. 395) Wykrzykowska J, Lane J, Simon M, Pauley D, Lackner A This was followed by a marked increase in proliferating cells, primarily in the cortex at 21 days pi. The labeling indices for both PCD and cell proliferation returned to normal levels by 50 days pi in animals which mounted a vigorous immune response. These data show significant differences between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic clones of SIV with respect to their effect on the thymus.
396	LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF T CELL RECEPTOR β CHAIN CLONAL DIVERSITY DURING ACUTE HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:127 (abstract no. 396) Soudeyns H, Demarest JF, Vaccarezza M, Pantaleo G, Sekaly RP, Fauci AS These results were correlated with the emergence of discrete cytotoxic T cells clones with precisely-defined HIV-antigen specificity.
397	THE IMMUNODEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH HIV INFECTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SEVERE DISRUPTION OF THE T-CELL REPERTOIRE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:127 (abstract no. 397) Connors M, Krevat S, Flanigan M, Stevens R, Lane HC Over time, sufficient defects may result in loss of CD4 + T cells with specificity for particular pathogens leading to the development of opportunistic infections. This finding provides evidence that treatment with antiviral that results in elevations of the CD4 + T-cell count may not necessarily allow restoration of repertoire diversity. Thus, this finding provides a strong immunologic rationale for the importance of early intervention.
398	IN VIVO FATE OF HIV-1 INFECTED CD4 + T CELLS: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSITION TO STABLE LATENCY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:127 (abstract no. 398) Chun TW, Finzi D, Margolick J, Chadwick K, Schwartz D, Siliciano RF The distribution of integrated provirus in distinct subsets of resting CD4 + T cells (na�ve or memory) has also been analyzed. The finding that the vast majority of resting CD4 + T cells are not stably infected in seropositive individuals raises hopes for the possibility of immune reconstitution.
399	PREFERENTIAL REPLICATION OF HIV-1 IN THE CD45RO "MEMORY" SUBSET OF PRIMARY CD4 CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:127 (abstract no. 399) Spina C, Richman D Our results indicate that HIV replication is selectively enhanced in CD45R0 memory phenotype cells through the contribution of specialized cellular factors which are produced during CD3-initiated signal transduction, and that nef gene function may be essential to HIV growth during infection of CD45RA na�ve phenotype cells.
400	HIV-1-INFECTED QUIESCENT CD25 PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS DO NOT HARBOR FULL-LENGTH PROVIRAL DNA, BUT PRODUCE VIRUS FOLLOWING ACTIVATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:128 (abstract no. 400) Chou C-S, Borvak J, Ramilo O, Vitetta ES These results suggest that the CD25- PBMCS represent a reservoir for latent and inducible HIV-1 infection.
401	MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ANALYSIS OF THE T CELL RECEPTOR β CHAIN REPERTOIRE IN PEDIATRIC HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:128 (abstract no. 401) Sekaly RP, Soudeyns H, Samson J, Lapointe N, Silvestri GU These results were corelated to several virological and immunological parameters, and to clinical determinants of disease progression in children.
402	INTERRUPTION OF T-CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CAUSED BY THE CALMODULIN BINDING CARBOXY TERMINUS OF HIV-1 TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:128 (abstract no. 402) Beary TP, Tencza SB, Mietzner TA, Montelaro RC These findings support our hypothesis that the HIV-1 TM protein can sequester CaM in infected lymphocytes and subvert signal transduction.
403	SAFETY AND PHARMACOKINETICS (PK) OF NEVIRAPINE (NVP) IN HIV-1 INFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN AND THEIR NEWBORNS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:128 (abstract no. 403) Miroch- Nick M, Sullivan J, Cort S, McNamara J, Fenton T, Sperling R; BU Schl Med, Boston, MA. NVP is eliminated slowly and readily crosses the placenta. Following maternal dosing, newborns, may require only 1 postnatal dose to maintain serum NVP > 100 ng/ml (10 times the IC₅₀ cone) throughout the first week of life.
404	ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED, HIV-1 SPECIFIC, SYNGENEIC CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES (CTL) IN HIV-DISCORDANT IDENTICAL TWINS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:128 (abstract no. 404) Walker RE, Bechtel CM, Natarajan V, Baseler M, Metcalf JA, Stevens R, Blaese RM, Davey RT, Falloon J, Polis MA, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Broad DF, Finer MH, Roberts MR, Otten G, Lane HC Continued follow-up and escalation to infuse 10¹⁰ transduced cells, and repeated infusions of engineered CTL, will define the long term persistence and potential antiviral activity of these cell transfers.
405	METHADONE INCREASES ZIDOVUDINE EXPOSURE IN HIV-INFECTED INJECTION DRUG USERS (ACTG 262). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:129 (abstract no. 405) Jatlow P, Mccance EF, Rainey PM, Trapnell CB, Friedland G These findings suggest that methadone reduces ZDV glucuronidation, both during first-pass metabolism, thereby increasing bioavailability, and afterwards, decreasing clearance. Both effects increase ZDV exposure. The clinical consequences of this interaction require further study. The combination of methadone with AZT may result in increased AZT toxicity and contribute to decreased compliance.
406	A PILOT STUDY OF HYDROXYUREA (HO-UREA) AS ADJUVANT THERAPY AMONG PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED HIV DISEASE RECEIVING DIDANOSINE (DDI) THERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:129 (abstract no. 406) Montaner JS, Zala C, Raboud JM, Conway B, Patenaude P, Rae S, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV Our data demonstrates that the addition of HO-urea to ddI therapy results in a substantial decrease in plasma viremia. There was a trend toward a greater decrease with 1000 mg/d dose of HO-urea. Supported in part by Bristol Myers& Squibb (USA & Canada) and the Canadian HIV Trials.
407	A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF BIS-POM PMEA IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:129 (abstract no. 407) Deeks S, Collier A, Lalezari J, Pavia A, Rodrigue D, Jaffe Hs, Toole J, Kahn J Following six weeks of dosing, median Log₁₀ change in serum HIV RNA of -0.5 was observed in the 125 mg group compared to no change in the placebo group (p= .007); after twelve weeks, the active group had a median Log₁₀ decrease of -0.5. Final data, including assays of HIV surrogate markers from the 250 mg/placebo cohort, will be presented.
408	RISK FACTORS FOR HIV SEROCONVERSION AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING STD CLINICS, 1993-1995. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:129 (abstract no. 408) Weinstock H, Sweeney S, Steinberg S, Gwinn M The heterosexual transmission of HIV accounted for 52% of new infections among men and 92% among women. In this sexually active population, prevention efforts should target patients with high risk partners. STD clinics provide an opportunity both for identifying large numbers of newly infected individuals and for offering prevention services.
409	HIV SEROPREVALENCE TRENDS IN 15-24 YEAR-OLD PATIENTS ATTENDING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE CLINICS, NEW YORK CITY, 1990-1994. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:129 (abstract no. 409) Torian LV, Weisfuse IB, Makki HA, Benson DA, Dicamillo LM, Economou AN, Toribio FE, Schween FW P in 15-24 year-olds is of interest because HIV was probably acquired after the first decade (1977-1987) of seroconversions in NYC. Although P declined in the sample overall, it increased in patients with P&S syphilis, reflecting the long-established association between the two infections. New risk reduction approaches for young patients with biological and behavioral exposures which place them at risk for HIV infection are needed.
410	TRENDS IN HIV SEROPREVALENCE AMONG CHILDBEARING WOMEN IN NEW YORK STATE (NYS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:130 (abstract no. 410) Smith P, Glebatis D, Pulver W, Debuono B Despite an overall decrease in HIV prevalence among childbearing women in NYS, the HIV prevalence remains the highest in the nation and is significantly increasing in women, preferably before some NYS regions. HIV prevention education for childbearing age, is essential.
411	AIDS SURVEILLANCE USING ELECTRONIC LABORATORY REPORTING OF LOW CD4 COUNTS, NEW YORK STATE (NYS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:130 (abstract no. 411) Mikl J, Smith P, Thomas P, Massaroni R, Polfleit M, Schue J, Williams R, Ly S The successful implementation of LBR demonstrates the value of electronic reporting for surveillance. This system can be applied to other diseases, substantially increasing the completeness of reporting.
412	INVASIVE CERVICAL CANCER (ICC) IN HIV+ WOMEN IN NEW YORK CITY (NYC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:130 (abstract no. 412) Chiasson MA, Kelley KF, Williams R, Mikl J, Forlenza S, Smith PF Preliminary analysis shows excess ICC in HIV+ women and many with advanced disease. ICC is a preventable condition in women which requires increased vigilance on the part of clinicians and patients.
413	PHYSICIAN EXPERIENCE AND SURVIVAL AMONG PATIENTS WITH AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:130 (abstract no. 413) Kitahata MM, Koepsell TD, Deyo RA, Maxwell CL, Dodge WT, Wagner EH Closer outpatient follow-up may have enabled more experienced physicians to detect appropriate timing for PCP prophylaxis. Physician experience was also associated with decreased risk of mortality after clinical AIDS diagnosis. This suggests a need for organizing delivery systems and physician education in ways that optimize outcomes across all physician experience levels.
414	PREDICTORS OF MORTALITY IN PERSONS WITH < OR EQUAL TO 50 CD4 CELLS/mm�. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:130 (abstract no. 414) Spino C, Phair JP, Kahn J, Dolin R, Fischl M These results underscore that a CD4 cell count of ≤ 50 should not be considered a precursor of imminent death: considerable variability in survival exists in severely immunocompromised patients. Our identifica-tion of prognostic indicators for survival can aid clinicians and patients in management of their disease and researchers in design of future clinical trials.
415	CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION PREDICTS MORTALITY IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN--THE PROSPECTIVE NHLBI P2C2 STUDY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:130 (abstract no. 415) Lipshultz SE Depressed left ventricular fractional shortening is a risk factor for mortality in HIV-infected children independent of depressed CD4 and progressive necrologic disease.
416	PRESENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOR PRIMARY ISOLATES IN IMMUNIZED CHIMPS CORRELATES WITH PROTECTION IN VIVO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:131 (abstract no. 416) Zolla-Pazner S, Lubeck M, Robert-Guroff M, Natuk R, Sinangil F, Xu S, Steimer K, Gallo RC, Eichberg J Activity was detected throughout the 46 wks between the lst and 2nd challenges. Sera of unprotected chimps had no neutralizing Abs. Neutralizing activity against both laboratory and clinical isolates was long-lived and correlated well with protection from the high dose challenge.
417	HIV-1 SPECIFIC HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN MUCOSAL SECRETIONS FROM FOUR DISTINCT SITES IN INFECTED WOMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:131 (abstract no. 417) Artenstein A, Vancott T, Veit S, Rogers A, Sitz K, Robb M, Burnett P, Wagner K, Byron J, Macri C, Birx D It is feasible to measure total and HIV-1 envelope-specific humoral responses of multiple antibody subclasses from a variety of mucosal sites in infected women. These analyses, and their correlations with clinical and epidemiologic factors, may help to define markers for prophylactic vaccine strategies.
418	LOW OR DECLINING ADCC TITERS AGAINST HIV GP120 CORRELATE WITH A MORE RAPID DECLINE IN CD4 CELL NUMBER. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:131 (abstract no. 418) Baum LL, Sum B, Margolick J, Rinaldo C, Phair J Surprisingly, comparisons with viral load revealed no significant differences between these groups. In this study, ADCC titer appears to be more important than viral load in predicting disease progression.
419	DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTOLOGOUS HIV-1 ENV-SPECIFIC CYTOLYTIC T LYMPHOCYTES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:131 (abstract no. 419) Bollinger RC, Ray S, Lubaki M, Dhruva B, Quinn TC, Siliciano RF The detection of env-specific CTL activity directed against variable regions may have important implications for HIV-1 vaccine development strategies focusing on env from laboratory HIV-1 strains and on understanding the role of the CTL response and disease progression.
420	QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HIV INFECTION MAY BE PREDICTIVE OF SUBSEQUENT CLINICAL OUTCOME. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:131 (abstract no. 420) Demarest JF, Daucher MB, Vaccarezza M, Graziosi C, Cohen OJ, Tambussi G, Corey L, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS These results indicate that in primary HIV infection, the initial immunological response as opposed to the initial levels of viremia may be critical determinants of the subsequent clinical course.
421	KINETICS OF HIV-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY DURING PRIMARY HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:132 (abstract no. 421) Vaccarezza M, Demarest JF, Daucher MB, Paolucci S, Graziosi C, Cohen OJ, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS The rapid changes in the HIV-specific CTL response observed early after primary infection suggest the occurrence of strong antigen-driven selective process, which may help to explain the qualitative differences in the immune response observed among different HIV-infected individuals.
422	OLIGOCLONAL EXPANSIONS OF CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTES AND HIGH LEVELS OF EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYSTOKINES ARE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HIV AND EBV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:132 (abstract no. 422) Graziosi C, GantT K, Wilbon C, Demarest JF, Giorgi JV, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS These results indicate that the mobilization of large number of CD8+ T lymphocytes and the high levels of expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a crucial role in the primary immune response to HIV and EBV.
423	IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE AND DISTINCT CD8 POSITIVE T CELL SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:132 (abstract no. 423) Weissman D, Barker T, Daucher J, Roche KM, Fauci AS The continued identification of host-derived factors that modulate HIV-replication may further our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection and lead to new therapies aimed at controlling the disease.
424	EFFECT OF INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION ON IMMUNOLOGIC AND VIROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN HIV+ PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:132 (abstract no. 424) Jackson CR, Vavro CL, Pennington KN, Lanier ER, Valentine ME, McKinney RE, Dilibert JH, Wilfert CM, Katz SL, St Claire MH At the time points sampled, there was no significant increase in HIV load, decrease in absolute CD4+ cell numbers or change in CD4+/CD8+ ratios after influenza immunization. Influenza immunization in this population is apparently safe and antibody response to influenza immunization was noted without the appearance of significant clinical events or change in HIV-1 plasma viral burden.
425	INCREASED RISK OF CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS (CT) AMONG INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS LNFECTED WITH HIV-1 AND TOXOPLASMA GONDII. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:132 (abstract no. 425) Mitchell CD, Lewis L, McLellan S, Mead D, Remington J, Scott G The rate of Ct among In in Co4 was > 400X the background frequency of Ct previously reported by N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1858-63. TgD in Co4 Mo was associated with Ct & PT in their in.
426	IMMUNE STATUS, STDS & CERVICAL DYSPLASIA ON PAP SMEAR IN HIV+ PREGNANT& NON-PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE WOMEN AND INFANTS TRANSMISSION STUDY (WITS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:133 (abstract no. 426) Stratton P, Gupta P, Kalish L, Fox H, Zorilla C, Tuomala R, Erikson N, Vajarant M, Minkoff H, Brown G, Mofenson L, Fowler M While pregnancy status seems unimportant, association of SIL with impaired immune status, STDs and smoking may predict risk of cervical dysplasia; HIV+ women with these risk factors may warrant closer surveillance.
427	COMORBID GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE IN HOSPITALIZED HIV-INFECTED WOMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:133 (abstract no. 427) Frankel R, Selwyn PA, Mezger J Our data indicate a very high prevalence of comorbid gyn disease in women with advanced HIV disease admitted to a medical AIDS service. Results suggest both the feasibility and strategic importance of including a comprehensive gyn evaluation in the routine care of HIV+ women hospitalized for acute medical illness.
428	OPPORTUNISTIC ILLNESS (OI) IN NEW YORK CITY (NYC) PEDIATRIC AIDS CASES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:133 (abstract no. 428) Saletan S, Thomas P, Brooks A, Singh T, Channing K, Williams R PCP, occurring predominantly at age 0-6 months, remains the most frequent OI among children with AIDS in NYC. Encephalopathy and MAI are increasing, with MAI more common past age 5, suggesting lengthening survival of HIV-infected children.
429	APTHOUS GENITAL ULCERATION IN THREE WOMEN WITH AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:133 (abstract no. 429) Schuman P, Christianson C, Sobe JD Cases 1 and 2 resolved with systemic steroids; case 3 resolved 6 weeks after treatment with ZDV was discontinued and DDC was initiated. Apthous gu may represent a newly described manifestation of gynecologic disease infected women.
430	ADENOVIRUS (AV) VIREMIA IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:133 (abstract no. 430) Ross LS, Ferdman RM, Church JA Disseminated AV should be considered in HIV-infected pts. with unexplained organ involvement and ARI. As therapeutic agents are developed to treat AV, rapid diagnosis using blood culture may be useful.
431	POSTMORTEM CARDIOMEGALY CORRELATES WITH PREMORTEM MEASUREMENTS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SIZE IN MALNOURISHED HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:133 (abstract no. 431) Kearney DL We conclude that, despite significant malnutrition, cardiomegaly is a frequent postmortem finding in HIV infected children, and correlates with premortem echo determinants of left ventricular size.
432	MENSTRUAL CYCLE HORMONE PATTERNS IN HIV-INFECTED WOMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:134 (abstract no. 432) Shelton M, Adams J, Gugino L, Hewitt R, Cordaro J, Cousins S, Morse G Serum P, E, and C during each phase of the menstrual cycle are consistent with literature values in seronegative women. Thus, abnormal-menstrual patterns may be related to other physiologic changes or the development of hormone receptor abnormalities. We plan to further examine intrapatient hormonal patterns among HIV+ women at varying stages of disease.
433	MAPPING DOMAINS WITHIN THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 GAG-POL PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR INCORPORATION INTO VIRUS PARTICLES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:134 (abstract no. 433) Huang M, Martin MA These results indicate that the CA domain of the HIV-1 Gag/Pol protein plays a critical role in its incorporation into progeny virions. Both the MHR and the less highly conserved regions of CA participate in this process.
434	ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVA IS SPECIFIC TO HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:134 (abstract no. 434) Nagashunmugam T, Friedman H, Sundaresan P, Davis C, Kream R, Malamud D This specificity should provide insight into the mechanism of action of these salivary proteins. This work was supported by grants DE09569 and RR0040.
435	INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE GLUT3 FACILITIATIVE GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER DURING HIV-1 INFECTION OF H9 CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:134 (abstract no. 435) Sorbara LR, Maldarelli F, Schilling B, Quan E, Chokekijchai S, Staudt L, Mitsuya H, Simpson IA, Zeichner SL Thus, HIV infection leads to increased GLUT3 expression and glucose transport in a fashion analogous to that seen in RSV infection. These findings identify changes in a key cellular process that occur during HIV infection, providing insight into the physiology of the HIV-infected cell.
436	EFFECTS OF γ RADIATION ON HIV REPLICATION IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFECTION MODELS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:134 (abstract no. 436) Xu Y, Conway B, Montaner JS, O'Shaughnessy MV We conclude that γ radiation has a definite positive effect on HIV replication in vitro. The mechanism of this observation is currently under study and likely relates to radiation induced free radical generation.
437	IN VITRO ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF IL-2 ON LYMPHOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION: EVIDENCE FOR ENHANCED CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION AND ENHANCED TH1-TYPE ACTIVITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:135 (abstract no. 437) Lowry RP, Lempicki R, Scully G, Pavlick M, Donoghue ET, Weiskopf E, Lane HC Taken together, these data suggest that the in vivo effects of IL-2 in patients with HIV infection may derive both from the expansion of numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes through induction of cell cycle progression as well as enhanced HIV-specific immunity through the induction of Th1-type CD4+ T cell differentiation.
438	ACTIVATION OF INTEGRATED HTLV-1 PROVIRAL GENE EXPRESSION FROM INFECTED T CELL LINES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:135 (abstract no. 438) Lin H-C, Lal RB, Rabson AB These results suggest that a number of stimuli may activate expression of integrated HTLV-1 genomes, through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional steps, and thus may play a role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 disease.
439	INHIBITION OF THE IN VITRO INFECTIVITY AND CYTOPATHIC EFFECT OF HUMAN FOAMY VIRUS BY DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:135 (abstract no. 439) Santillana-Hayat M, Valla J, Canivet M, Peries J, Molina J-M These results show that AZT and ddl can inhibit the infectivity and cytopathic effect of HFV in lymphoblastoid T-cells in vitro.
440	SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HUMAN FOAMY VIRUS (HFV) TO CLINICALLY USED ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:135 (abstract no. 440) Mugnier P, Calvez V, Grandadam M, Agut H, Huraux JM In conclusion, we demonstrated that almost ZDV, ddC and d4T are effective against HFV replication. However, ddI and TIBO R82913 don't seem to be effective in a range of concentrations compatible with a clinical use. We are now determining the IC of some antiprotease drugs and of Lamivudine. After further investigations, the differences of the activity of the reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors against the HFV and the HIV replications would be correlated with the differences in the respective protein sequences of the RTs.
441	EX VIVO GENERATION OF ANTIGEN SPECIFIC OLIGOCLONAL CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS FROM HIV SERO-POSITIVE PATIENTS FOR ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:135 (abstract no. 441) Philip R, Vertin B, Ashton J, Tran K, Alters S, Cox W, Paoletti E, Tartaglia J In both CD8 depleted PBMC and DC the expression ranged from 20-80% as determined by flow cytometry methods. Analysis of cytoxicity against targets expressing HIV proteins and HIV repression assays imply antigen specific changes which were not induced by polyclonal activation. Antigen specific activation and expansion of cytotoxic T-cells from peripheral blood is being optimized using a variety of culture conditions and cytokine combinations. These studies illustrate the potential clinical utility of antigen specific CTL in the context of adoptive immunotherapy
442	REDUCED 5-LIPOXYGENASE METABOLISM IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES FROM SUBJECTS INFECTED WITH HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:136 (abstract no. 442) Coffey MJ, Phare SM, Kazanjian PH, Peters-Golden M These observations indicate that there is a graded defect in the 5-LO metabolic capacity of HIV-infected subjects, with decreased expression of only 5-LO in the normal CD4 group, and decreased expression of both 5-LO and FLAP in the low CD4 group. This would be expected to compound the immunosupression seen in these subjects.
443	HIV-1 SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVITY AFTER PRIMARY INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:136 (abstract no. 443) Legrand E, Pellegrin I, Neau D, Masquelier B, Dupon M, Pellegrin JL, Ragnaud JM, Fleury HJ It can be concluded from a parallel analysis of the kinetics of appearance of neutralizing antibodies carried out in the same patients (PELLEGRIN et al in press) that in any case the CTL response precedes the humoral one. Studies are in progress to examine the potential relationship of the CTL response with the plasmatic and cellular viral loads and the clinical status of the patients (particularly the existence of clinical symptoms during primary infection).
444	CHARACTERIZATION OF HIV-1 ENVELOPE-EXPRESSING T CELL LINES AS TARGETS FOR ANTIBODY -DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:136 (abstract no. 444) Keler T, Li H, Cloyd MW, Sundarapandiyan K, Graziano RF, Deo YM Currently, new cell lines are being developed which express gp160 from different strains of HIV-1, and used in combination these cell lines may provide an effective model for developing cytotoxic therapies for HIV infection.
445	THE EFFECT OF ANTIGEN DENSITY, SOLUBLE CD8, AND CD8+ NK CELL CONTRIBUTION ON THE TRAX CD8 ASSAY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:136 (abstract no. 445) Foster K, Carrabis S, Morrill R, Meisner P, Litwak G, Fonte J, Czerniewsz MA, Landay A Those factors include: the contribution of CD8+ NK cells, CD8 antigen density on T lymphocytes and NK cells, and the contribution of soluble CD8 to the TRAx CD8 assay signal. We present here the results of those studies.
446	ACTIVATION OF V δ2+ AND V δ1+ γ-δ T CELLS FROM HIV INFECTED INDIVIDUALS BY BACTERIAL ANTIGENS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:136 (abstract no. 446) Chervenak KA, Lederman MM, Boom WH These results suggest that in HIV+ persons with minimal immunodeficiency, γ-δ T cell function in response to bacterial antigens remains intact despite a reversal of the ratio of circulating V δ1+ and V δ2+ T cells.
447	CD8 SUBSETS IN HIV INFECTED WOMEN IN RELATION TO DISEASE AND IDU STATUS: CROSS-SECTIONAL EVALUATION OF THE HIV EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH STUDY (HERS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:136 (abstract no. 447) Kouitab N, Cole B, Mayer K, Flanigan T, Margolick J, Poisson M In conclusion, this confirms longitudinal observations seen in men, that the CD8⁺/CD38⁺ subset correlates with disease stage. Further, IDU did not appear to affect the distribution of subsets.
448	A MODEL FOR THE IMMUNOPROTECTIVE AND IMMUNOPATHOGENIC ROLES FOR HIV-1 ENV-DIRECTED ADCC: CAN "INNOCENT BYSTANDER" KILLING OF UNINFECTED, GP120-COATED CD4 CELLS BE RESPONSIBLE FOR CD4 DEPLETION? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:137 (abstract no. 448) Skowron G, Zheng D, Accetta G, Cole BF Our model suggests that CD4 decline is dependent on both viral load (as a surrogate marker for free gp120) and CMC activity (as a measure of both the humoral and cellular components of ADCC). Clinical data will be presented to support the model.
449	A GROUP OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) -INFECTED NONPROGRESSORS WITH NO HIV-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE (CTL) ACTIVITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:137 (abstract no. 449) Bernard N, Pederson K, Wang J, Ouellet L, Tsoukas C HIV-specific CTL activity does not appear to be necessary for maintenance of HIV disease nonprogression in these 5 individuals. These results could be interpreted to support the suggestion that HIV-specific CTL play a pathogenic role in HIV disease progression. This work was supported by a National Health Research and Development Program grant # 6605-4162-AIDS and a Fends de Recherche en Sante du Quebec Chercheur-Boursier award to NB.
450	CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTES OBTAINED FROM HIV+ AND HIV- INDIVIDUALS SUPPRESS HIV-1 REPLICATION IN CD4+ CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:137 (abstract no. 450) Van Dyke GS, Ramilo O, Vitetta ES Although the production of a soluble mediator has been proposed previously as a specific response of CD8+ cells from HIV+ individuals, our results suggest that suppression of HIV replication can be elicited using activated CD8+ lymphocytes from both HIV+ and HIV- individuals.
451	CD8+ LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY OF HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:137 (abstract no. 451) Carr A, Emery S, Kelleher A, Law M, Cooper DA The difference between NA, NNA and ritonavir may represent a specific effect of ritonavir via inhibition of HIV protease (including its capacity to inhibit HIV replication in antigen presenting cells), as well as differing antiviral potencies. The clinical significance of the CD8+ lymphocyte increases observed with protease inhibitor therapy remains to be determined.
452	HIV ANTIGENS AND T CELL RECEPTOR (TCR) VARIABLE β CHAIN (V β) FAMILIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:137 (abstract no. 452) Jason J, Inge KL, Orloff SL The effects on V β's 8, 13, and 21 are consistent with previous studies of HIV-infected persons. Because similar effects were found with antigens encoded by different HIV genetic regions, we suggest these may be secondary to in vitro changes in cytokine profiles rather than due to direct interactions with TCR V β's.
453	HIV-1 RNA QUANTITATION, RELATIONSHIP TO CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE AND OTHER USUAL MARKERS IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:137 (abstract no. 453) Bariou C, Ruffault A, Genetet N, Michelet C, Arvieux C, Huisse F, Colimon R, Cartier F This study confirms that the persistence of anti-gag CTL, a low viral load in plasma and a stable level of P24 antibodies are good pronostic markers in HIV patients.
454	DECREASED PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE TO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS OF γ δ TCELLS DERIVED FROM HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:138 (abstract no. 454) Vila LM, Pichardo B These results suggest that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells as well as accessory cells required for expansion of Mycobacterium-reactive γ-δ T cells are dysfunctional in HIV infection.
455	IS THE REDUCTION IN HIGH VIRUS LEVEL DUE TO THE HIV-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:138 (abstract no. 455) Phillips AN Given the fact that HIV-specific immune responses are undetectable in some patients in primary infection while the virus level is decreasing, it is possible that the reduction in virus level during primary infection is due to population dynamics and not a reflection of the ability of the HIV-specific immune response to control virus replication.
456	HIV ENCODES FOR ITS OWN CD4 T CELL MITOGEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:138 (abstract no. 456) Torres BA, Tanabe T, Yamamoto JK, Johnson HM These findings suggest that Nef is a virally-encoded T cell mitogen and, as such, may be vital in the establishment of infection in a new host and in disease pathogenesis.
457	LIGAND PASSING BY THE 75 KDA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ENHANCES HIV-1 ACTIVATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:138 (abstract no. 457) Roberts BD, Folks TM, Butera S These results indicate that, although TR55 mediates signaling for HIV-1 activation in the OM-10.1 model, TR75 can influence viral activation and permit continued HIV-1 expression during limited TNF-α availability.
458	EFFECT OF A TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR PROTEASE INHIBITOR, BB-2116, ON IN VITRO HIV REPLICATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:138 (abstract no. 458) Monaco JA, Kinter A, Fox L, Hardy E, Fauci AS These data reiterate the potent effect of endogenous TNF on HIV production from infected cells and present data regarding a new class of inhibitors of TNF secretion.
459	MEMBRANE BOUND TNF-α COOPERATIVELY SIGNALS VIA TNFR60 AND TNFR80 FAVORING CELL DEATH RATHER THAN VIRUS PRODUCTION IN HIV INFECTED MONOCYTOID AND T CELL LINES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:139 (abstract no. 459) Lazdins JK, Grell MS, Walker MR, Woods-Cook K, Scheurich P, Pfitzenmaier K These observations could indicate that in vivo, it is the balance between the expression of membrane and soluble TNF that determines the fate of HIV infection (clearance vs.
460	EVALUATION OF BASE-LINE SOLUBLE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS (STNFRS) AS PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PROGRESSION IN HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:139 (abstract no. 460) Schneider F, Kirpach P, Arendt V, Hemmer R sTNFR levels vary significantly between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. High base-line levels have a predictive value for clinical progression and rapidity of future CD4 decline.
461	CYTOKINE AND HORMONAL RESPONSE TO ENDOTOXIN IN HIV-INFECTED SUBJECTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:139 (abstract no. 461) Da Silva B, Ottaway C, Singer W, Fong IW The degree of cortisol response in the advanced HIV-infected subjects is disproportionately low for the intensity of cytokine and ACTH response. We conclude that the integrated neuroendocrine-immune adaptive response to endotoxin-induced stress is disturbed in HIV-infected subjects.
462	CD4 CROSSLINKING (CD4XL) MOLECULE WITH HIV GP160 INDUCES RAS ACTIVATION AND TNF-α SECRETION IN CD4+ T CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:139 (abstract no. 462) Tamma SM, Chirmul N, Oyaizu N, Kalyanaraman VS, Pahwa S These studies indicate that interaction of HIV gp160 with CD4 molecules activate intracellular components of the signaling pathway in T cells which may contribute to T cell abnormalities (e.g. anergy/apoptosis) observed in HIV infection.
463	ACTIVITY OF GM-CSF AND M-CSF UPON REPLICATION OF HIV AND OTHER DNA-RNA-VIRUSES IN PRIMARY MACROPHAGES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:139 (abstract no. 463) Perno CF, Gessani S, Aquaro S, Conti L, Balesra E, Panti S, Cenci A, Serra F, Villani N, Pesce CD, Calio R The activity of nucleoside analogues inhibitors of HIV-RT is variously modulated by GM-CSF and M-CSF in M/M, while M-CSF does not affect the efficacy of inhibitors of late stages of virus replication. Data suggest that the cytokine-mediated modulation of virus replication in M/M occurs also in vivo, and should be taken into consideration in the design of a therapeutical approach to HIV infection.
464	CONSTITUTIVE PRODUCTION OF IL-1 BY MONOCYTES FROM HIV- INFECTED PATIENTS IS ASSOSCIATED WITH ENHANCED NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF NF-KB AND HSF FACTORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:139 (abstract no. 464) Weiss L, Thieblemont N, Cholley B, Haeffner-Cavaillon N Our results demonstrate that constitutive transcription of IL-1 genes in monocytes from HIV-infected individuals may depend on increased translocation of NF-κβ. The increased ratio of IL-l α mRNA/IL-1- mRNA in patients' monocytes could result from increased nuclear translocation of HSF.
465	CD14lowCD16high: A cytokine producing monocyte subset which expands during HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:140 (abstract no. 465) Weiss L, Thieblemont N, Haeffner-Cavaillon N Our results suggest that the expansion of the CD14 ^low CD16 ^high monocytes, which produce high amounts of TNF-α and IL-l α may participate in the immune dysfunction observed during HIV infection.
466	HIV ANTIGEN-STIMULATED CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN HIV INFECTED INDIVIDUALS AND IN SERONEGATIVE EXPOSED HEALTH CARE WORKERS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:140 (abstract no. 466) Pinto LA, Stake J, Landay AL, Berzofsky JA, Clerici M, Kessler HA, Shearer GM These preliminary results suggest that low exposure to HIV is associated with a dominant HIV antigen-stimulated type 1 cytokine profile, in contrast to HIV+ patients, who exhibit a dominant type 2 cytokine profile.
467	IL-7 UPREGULATES HIV-1 REPLICATION IN NATURALLY INFECTED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCULAR CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:140 (abstract no. 467) Smithgall MD, Wong JG, Critchett KC, Haffar OK The data shows that IL-7 can specifically regulate HIV-1 replication in naturally infected PBMC. These viral enhancing properties suggest that administration of IL-7 to HIV-1 infected individuals as cytokine therapy should be carefully evaluated.
468	EXPRESSION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CYTOKINE MESSENGER RNA IN HIV DEMENTIA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:140 (abstract no. 468) Sacktor NC, Choi S, Dal Pan GJ, Hasenauer D, Nance-Sproson TE, Selnes OA, Mcarthur JC Up-regulation of systemic proinflammatory cytokines appears to be associated with HIV dementia. In contrast to our findings in the brain, peripheral blood IL4 mRNA levels are not reduced, suggesting that compartmentalization of cytokine expression may be important in the pathogenesis of HIV dementia.
469	INTERFERON-γ AND IL-6 SECRETION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN INFANTS WITH PERINATAL HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:140 (abstract no. 469) Pohl-Koppe A, Mcintosh K, Burchett SK In contrast to our original hypothesis, it seems unlikely that a paucity of cytokine secretion is responsible for rapidly progressive HIV disease in pediatric patients.
470	NITRIC OXIDE MEDIATES HIV-INFECTED MONOCYTES' HYPERRESPONSIVENESS TO ACTIVATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:140 (abstract no. 470) Bukrinsky M, Sherry B, Dubrovsky L, Enikolopov G The mechanism of NO-mediated amplification of LPS activation seems to involve interaction with Ca2+ -dependent signal transduction pathway, since chelators of Ca2+ eliminated this effect, while inducers of Ca2+ synergized with NO in cytokine induction. Identification of NO as a critical component of HIV-1-induced hyperactivation introduces a set of novel targets for therapeutic intervention designed at normalizing immune reactions of HIV-1-infected patients.
471	CYYTOKINE RESPONSE TO VACCINATION OF HIV SERONEGATIVE VOLUNTEERS WITH A MULTIVALENT HIV-1 PEPTIDE IMMUNOGEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:141 (abstract no. 471) Evans TG, Fitzgerald T, Demeter L, Keefer M, Koff W No antigen-specific cytokine production was seen at baseline in 9 subjects. LPA responses did not predict the cytokine pattern seen. By utilizing restimulation protocols to allow for memory cells which secrete IL4 to develop. THl/TH2 responses can be seen following vaccination which may be missed using shorter in vitro culture techniques.
472	PRODUCTION AND IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF IL-12 IN HIV-INFECTED INFANTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:141 (abstract no. 472) Chehimi J, Zyad A, Rudy B, Trinchieri G, Starr S HIV-infected infants appeared to respond normally to IL-12, as short term incubation with IL-12, significantly enhanced the depressed NK cytotoxic activity observed in a small number of HIV-infected infants. Additionally IL-12 prevented mitogen-induced cell death of PBMC from infected infants. The biological role of IL-12 in HIV-infected infants deserve further investigations.
473	RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CYTOKINE PROTEIN AND MRNA IN ADVANCED HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:141 (abstract no. 473) Nance-Sproson TE, Choi S, Dal Pan GJ, Hasenauer D, Sacktor NC, Selnes OA, McArthur JC Cytokine and viral RNA relationships differed between the NP+ and NP-groups. Viral RNA levels were related to each other and to cytokine levels for both groups; but the cytokine markers of the NP+ qroup were also interrelated, suggesting that the pathogenesis of cognitive involvement in HIV-1 infection reflects a systemic microphage hyperresponsiveness, and the patterns of cytokine expression may differ from those in subjects without neurocognitive involvement.
474	CYTOKINE PRODUCTION PROFILE IN RECENTLY SEROCONVERTED HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:141 (abstract no. 474) Pellegrin I, Legrand E, Taupin JL, Pellegrin JL, Schrive MH, Dupon M, Ragnaud JM, Moreau JF, Fleury HJ A higher dispersion of values, particularly for IL-10 and IFN-γ, was noted at months 1 and 3 compared to months 6 to 12, which does not allow clear conclusions to be drawn pertaining to an imbalance between the TH1 and TH2 cytokinc profile.
475	MODULATION OF CYTOKINES OF POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE IN KAPOSI'S SARCOMA: EFFECTS OF HTLV-II AND HIV-I CO-INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:141 (abstract no. 475) Dezzutti CS, Barr D, Hershow R, Lal RB No significant difference was found in HTLV-II-infected (14.7 pg/ml) or HTLV-II/HIV-1 confected (17.8 pg/ml) persons when compared with normal controls. These data suggest that HIV-1 infection alone can up modulate bFGF expression/production and that factors other than co-infection with HTLV-II may modulate OSM and bFGF expression.
476	MODULATION OF LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR (LIF) BY HIV-1: DEREPRESSION OF A SILENCER BY TAT-L. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:141 (abstract no. 476) Knuchel M, Lal RB Thus, the transactivating tat-response element seem to overlap with this negative regulatory site. Interestingly, this site, CAGTTCCACTT, differs only by one base from the IFNb silencer (CAGTTTCACTTCT). The importance of derepression of "silent" cytokines in T cell lymphocytes will be discussed.
477	CYTOKINE PATTERNS DURING PROGRESSION TO AIDS IN CHILDREN WITH PERINATAL HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:142 (abstract no. 477) Hyjek E, Lischner H, Kozbor D Results of these analyses suggest that cytokine expression in HIV-infected children depends on the character of the stimuli as well as the phenotype of PBMC, and the possible dysregulation of the physiological balance between Thl and Th2 type of cytokines is more consistently observed during antigenic rather than polyclonal responses.
478	GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HIV-1 VARIANTS FROM TWO DONOR-RECIPIENT PAIRS UPON PRIMARY INFECTION: INFLUENCE OF TRANSMITTED VARIANT ON DISEASE PROGRESSION? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:142 (abstract no. 478) Innocenti P, Morand P, Brengel K, Ounanian A, Leclercq P, Seigneurin JM; Virology Dept, Infect. Dis. Dept, Faculty of Medicine/CHU, Grenoble, France. Transmission/selection of a major HIV-1 variant during primary infection has rarely been described. In our experience, such a transmission in conjunction with the CD4 T cell count of the donor would be link to a better clinical evolution of the recipient. The opportunity to study which type of HIV-1 virus is successfully transmitted should have important implications in the understanding of the natural history of HIV infection.
479	SOLUBLE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α RECEPTOR TYPE II (STNF-αRII) CONCENTRATION CORRELATES WITH HIV RNA VIRAL LOAD AND DECREASES IN MK-639 TREATED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:142 (abstract no. 479) Bilello JA, Stellrecht K, Drusano GL, Stein DS Thus sTNFαRII levels may be predictive of clinical outcomes because they reflect the patients' immunological response to a viral load.
480	VIROLOGIC COURSE OF PRIMARY HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:142 (abstract no. 480) Schacker TW, Hughes J, Shea T, Corey L We conclude, that in this group of primarily symptomatic HIV seroconverters, who have frequent clinical and laboratory follow-up (mean of 9 samples for HIV RNA and CD4 in mo. 0-12 after acquisition) CD4 cell loss during mo. 0-6 is rapid and sustained and there does not appear to be a direct correlation to viral load as measured by HIV RNA. Further, stabilization of CD4 cell count and HIV RNA occur approximately 180 days after acquisition. Finally, viral load in mo. 7-12 after acquisition is more closely associated with subsequent clinical outcome than viral load early after acquisition.
481	1-LTR CIRCLES OF HIV PROVIRAL DNA ARE ONLY FOUND IN AIDS BRAINS WITH MULTINUCLEATED GIANT CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:142 (abstract no. 481) Teo L, Veryard C, Lantos PL, Luthert P, Shaunak S Only AIDS brains with multinucleated giant cells are associated with the presence of 1-LTR circles of HIV proviral DNA. The conservation of sequence in both the LTR from integrated provirus and unintegrated 1-LTR circles suggests that the 1-LTR circles have the correct control elements for transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the conservation of sequences between brains suggests that this sequence may be an important determinant of the tropism of the virus for the brain.
482	CEREBROSPINAL AND BLOOD LEVELS OF A RETINOL TRANSPORT PROTEIN, TRANSTHYRETIN, IN HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:143 (abstract no. 482) Royal W III, Gajewski CD TTR levels may be lower in blood and CSF from HIV-1 seropositive subjects as compared to seronegative individuals. Low levels of TTR may be potentially associated with impaired systemic and central nervous system retinol transport among seropositive individuals.
483	HIV-1 REPLICATION IN CD40-ACTIVATED HUMAN B LYMPHOCYTES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:143 (abstract no. 483) Poulin L, Darveau A Numerous fusion events indicated that HIV-1 infection could spread to T lymphocytes following HIV-1 mediated fusion of these two cell types. In view of the importance of B cell-T cell interactions in the maintenance of a functional immune system, disruption of B-lymphocyte development could have direct implications on the course of AIDS progression.
484	HLA ANTIGEN FREQUENCIES AND VERTICAL HIV TRANSMISSION IN CHILDREN BORN TO HIV-1 INFECTED MOTHERS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:143 (abstract no. 484) Paul ME, Hanson IC, Bohannon B, Abramson SL, Shearer WT, Pollack MS; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Using rigorous statistical standards, the results support only trends in HLA association to vertical transmission. To accurately assess HLA influence on perinatal transmission, larger patient numbers and rigorous statistical analysis will be required.
485	ANALYSIS OF THE PROVIRAL NEF GENE OF HIV-2 FROM HIV-2 SEROPOSITIVE INDIVIDUALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:143 (abstract no. 485) Heneine W, Switzer WM, Soriano V, Pieniazek D, Wiktor S, Greenberg A, Folks TM These results suggest that the presence of premature stop codons in the nef genes of HIV-2 is not frequent, and therefore, may not fully explain the lower pathogenicity and transmissibility observed with this virus.
486	HIV PREFERENTIALLY INFECTS CD4, CD45R0 LYMPHOCYTE POPULATIONS IN VITRO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:143 (abstract no. 486) Woods TC, Butera S, Folks TM These studies show that CD4/RO cells are more susceptible to HIV-1 than CD4/RA cells, due either to infection rate or production rate, and may have implications for understanding the mechanism of CD4 subset depletion.
487	HIV INFECTION OF PURIFIED BONE MARROW MICRO-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:143 (abstract no. 487) Williams S, Bagby G, Nelson J The method involves multiple processes including incubation with glass beads and Dynabeads and selection of cell colonies based on staining for endothelial cell surface antigens and morphology. We will present data on HIV infection of these pure microvascular cells. Isolation of a pure cell population will allow us to assess the individual contribution of MVEC to the function of the hematopoietic microenvironment.
488	EXPERIMENTAL HIV INFECTION OF HUMAN LYMPHOID TISSUE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:144 (abstract no. 488) Glushakova S, Baibakov B, Margolis LB, Zimmerberg J The percentage of tissue cells producing HIV-1 was far less then the percentage of tissue T cells depleted. Thus histoculture of human lymphoid tissue allows for the controlled study of critical hypothesis on HIV pathogenesis.
489	HIV-1-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN THE CNS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:144 (abstract no. 489) Shi B, Degirolami U, He J, Wang S, Gabuzda D, Farber D These results suggest that apoptosis in the CNS plays an important role in HIV-1 necrologic disease and may be caused by soluble factors rather than by direct HIV-1 infection.
490	INFLUENCE OF T CELL HOMEOSTASIS AND TOTAL T CELL COUNT ON PREDICTING ONSET OF AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:144 (abstract no. 490) Margolick JB, Muñoz A, Chu C, Donnenberg AD, O'Gorman MR, Giorgi JV T cell decreases had substantial predictive power independent of the CD4+ cell count and the presence of symptoms. This suggests that failure of T cell homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of AIDS. T cell changes may be important for clinical management of HIV-infected patients with < 500 CD4+ lymphocytes/μl, and for design of trials of anti-HIV therapeutic agents.
491	NATURALLY ATTENUATED HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:144 (abstract no. 491) Kestler HW, Ma X-Z, Premkumar D, Calabrese LH, Hirsch M, Chakrabarti BK Other long-term AIDS non progressors harbor virus encoding prematurely terminated nef genes, and one subject's virus encodes nef mutant in a critical motif believed to associate with a cellular kinase. We are testing the above genes in functional assays.
492	PERSISTENT SERONEGATIVITY AND RAPID CLINICAL PROGRESSION IN A PATIENT WITH PRIMARY HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:144 (abstract no. 492) Michael NL, Brown A, Voigt RF, Birx DL, Cassol SA Extensive molecular epidemiology is now in progress to confirm the transmission pair. Since the partner remains asymptomatic, we hypothesize that this is a case of rapid viral spread in an unusually susceptible host. These observations carry important implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis and serodiagnosis.
493	APOPTOSIS AND CD95 EXPRESSION IN HIV INFECTED CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:144 (abstract no. 493) McCloskey TW, Oyaizu N, Bakshi S, Dalal H, Pahwa S These results indicate that, as in adults, apoptosis may play a role in HIV pathogenesis in children and that a signal transduction pathway operating through CD95 may be involved. This work was supported by NIH grants DA05161 and AI28281.
494	MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF DUAL HIV-1/HIV-2 INFECTIONS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:145 (abstract no. 494) Lefflot S, Chaix ML, Burgard M, Blanche S, Mayaux MJ, Rouzioux C Amplification of specific HIV-2 proviral DNA is required to confirm the serological diagnosis of an HIV- l/HIV-2 dual infection. The low maternal HIV-2 provirus load compared to the HIV-1 one could explain that the two HIV-1-infected children had not been infected by HIV-2.
495	PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN THE PLASMA OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:145 (abstract no. 495) Langlais J, Tsoukas C PAF-AH activity increases during HIV disease progression and is inversely correlated with absolute CD4+ T cell counts. The increasing PAF-AH/ cholesterol ratios in HIV+ and AIDS patients suggests that the enzyme may be released by hepatocytes, platelets and/or macrophages in response to elevated PAF Ievels resulting from immune activation and/or HIV replication.
496	SYNCYTIA-INDUCING PHENOTYPE (SIP) IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS: RELATIONSHIP TO CD4 COUNTS (CTS) AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:145 (abstract no. 496) Rakusan TA, Troy J, Schutzbank TE, Sever JL 1) Recovery of SI virus in children is associated with low CD4 cts and/or with rapid decline of CD4 over 1 yr f/u. 2) Over 1 yr period there is no relationship between SIP and HIV disease progression in children.
497	ISOLATION OF SYNCYTIUM-INDUCING VARIANT OF HIV-1 FROM GASTROINTESTINAL BIOPSIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:145 (abstract no. 497) Al-Mulla W, Gill MJ, Church D These results suggest that HIV-1 seeds gut target site(s) such as lymphoid tissues following HIV-1 viremia, rather than primarily being inoculated in gastrointestinal tract. The discrepancy of finding an NSI HIV-1 phenotype in the peripheral blood of some patients on antiretroviral therapy versus recovering the SI variant from one or more gut tissue sites, suggests that the gastrointestinal tract may be a protected site for active viral mutation which may explain in part, the prevalence of diarrhea and wasting in HIV-1 infected patients.
498	REVERSION OF SI PHENOTYPE TO NSI IN PATIENTS WITH HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:145 (abstract no. 498) Al-Mulla W, Gill MJ, Beckthold B, Church D There was no significant difference in the CD4 positive cell count between these patients and others who showed no fluctuation in the SI phenotype.
499	IS SYNCYTIUM INDUCING (SI) PHENOTYPE RELATED TO REPLICATIVE CAPACITY (RC) AND INFECTIOUS VIRUS TITRE (IVT) OF HIV-1 ISOLATES? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:145 (abstract no. 499) Tamalet C, Agut H, Ferchal F, Nicholas JC, Puel J, Fleury H, Vezinet F, Rouzioux C SI phenotype :1) is unrelated to RC of isolates; 2) relationship between SI phenotype and IVT is unclear; 3) SI phenotype is an independent parameter of poor predictive value.
500	BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERNAL HIV VARIANTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:146 (abstract no. 500) Renta J, Melendez L, Cadilla C, Vega M, Jimenez E, Abreu E, Carrer M, Ramirez Y Since most of these women have been enrolled in ACTG protocol 185 which includes a therapy of AZT and anti-HIV, only two were found to transmit HIV, as determined by PCR. Virus could not be cultured from these two infants. Virus was cultured from 6 out of 10 PCR positive mothers. Results from biological and genetic phenotyping of these patients will be presented.
501	LOCALIZATION OF HIV-1 IN CARDIAC TISSUE UTILIZING IN SITU PCR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:146 (abstract no. 501) Bobroski L, Bagasra O, Cohen M, Pomerantz RJ The results were compared with medical histories for each patient. With this examination, we have been able to determine that direct infection of the cardiac myocytes by HIV-1 might influence cardiac dysfunction and abnormalities which are observed in AIDS patients.
502	NEUROINVASION BY SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COINCIDES WITH INCREASED NUMBERS OF PERIVASCULAR MACROPHAGES/ MICROGLIA AND INTRATHECAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:146 (abstract no. 502) Lane J, Sasseville V, Smith M, Pauley D, Heyes M, Lackner A We found that the numbers of perivascular macrophages/microglia were highest in SIV-infected animals at two weeks pi concomitant with viral neuroinvasion, peak viral loads and CSF quinolinic acid levels. VCAM-1 expression however, was not elevated at this early time point. These data suggest that neuroinvasion of SIV occurs as part of an influx of monocyte/macrophages into the CNS in the first few weeks of infection independent of VCAM-1 expression.
503	DESTRUCTION AND CLEARANCE OF HIV-1 IN BLOOD IS PREDOMINANTLY MEDIATED BY COMPLEMENT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:146 (abstract no. 503) Sullivan BL, Sha BE, Knopoff EJ, Spear GT These results indicate that complement mediated lysis of plasma virus occurs in vivo and that obtaining blood in anticoagulants provides a "freeze-frame" of viral dynamics. Additionally, this suggests that the clearance and production rates of virus calculated in earlier studies may be underestimated by a factor of 100.
504	INCREASED MORTALITY IN RETROVIRUS INFECTED PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS IN BAHIA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:146 (abstract no. 504) Pedral-Sampio D, Netto EM, Brites C, Pedroso C, Duarte M, Harrington W Jr, Badaro R This study found a very high seroprevalence of HIV-1 and HTLV-I/11 infection among TB patients about 10 times more frequent than that found in healthy population in Bahia. The institution studied receives very pour patients, contributing to increase the mortality, but what calls for attention is the differntial mortality found among infected (and within infected) and non-infected patients. Apart from the well defined clinical entities such as ATL and TSP, HTLV I/II has been associated with various infectious complications notably strongyloides and infectious dermatitis but not TB. That may be co-factoring the mortality of TB patients.
505	INDUCTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR α (TNFα) PRODUCTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF HIV REPLICATION BY MYCOPLASMA PENETRANS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:146 (abstract no. 505) Iyama K, Arai S, Ono S, Akashi A, Kuwano K Next, we tested the ability to enhance HIV replication in J22HL60 cells. M. penetrans (5 μg/ml) augmented cells to produce HIV as detected by the enzyme immuno assay of viral core protein (P24) The other mycoplasmas did not augment or showed weakly enhancement. Also, the addition of 5, 1, 0.2, 0.04 μg/ml of methanol layer enhanced P24 production 5300, 1200,250 pg/ml respectively (Control < 30 pg/ml). These accumulated data suggest that M. penetrans would be certainly responsible for co-factor to progress AIDS.
506	HIV-1 TRANSMISSION FROM MOTHER-TO-CHILD: LACK OF ASSOCIATION WITH LOW VITAMIN A LEVELS IN THE USA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:147 (abstract no. 506) Burger H, Kovacs A, Weiser B, Grimson R, Nachman S, Tropper P, Van Bennekum A, Elie M, Blaner W In these 96 women there was no association between vertical transmission of HIV-1 and maternal retinol level (East Coast P = 0.49; West Coast p = 0.42). Based on studies of these cohorts, vitamin A level does not appear to be a risk factor for mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in the US.
507	INCREASED PERINATAL CMV INFECTION AND ALTERED CD4+/CD8+ CELL SUBSETS IN AN HIV+ COHORT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:147 (abstract no. 507) Kovacs A Although HIV+ and HIV- infants have similar rates of congenital CMV infection, HIV+ infants had a higher rate of perinatal and acquired infection. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of high CD8 counts and other immunologic changes noted in HIV/CMV infected children on long term outcome of these infants.
508	SURVEILLANCE OF HIV-1 SUBTYPES IN 222 US BLOOD DONORS: IDENTIFICATION OF FIRST US SUBTYPE A INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:147 (abstract no. 508) Diaz R, Sullivan M, Williams A, Lackritz E, Kessler D, Operskalski E, Mosley J, Busch M Subtyping by HMA is a rapid, practical approach for HIV subtype surveillance. Although subtype B predominated in US in 1984 and 1994, an increase in genetic diversity evolved over this decade. documentation of a subtype A infected US donor indicates the need for ongoing surveillance to assure that anti-HIV screening assays detect unusual variants.
509	A HETEROSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED HIV-1 EPIDEMIC OF SUBTYPE B IN TRINIDAD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:147 (abstract no. 509) Cleghorn FR, Greenberg M, O'Brien T, Jack N, Weinhold, Edwards J, Murphy J, Palace C, Paul R, Mahabir B, Bartholomew C, Blattner W In Trinidad, the predominant mode of transmission of HIV-1 Subtype B is via heterosexual exposure. These studies have relevance to the spread of HIV-1 by heterosexual transmission in other populations.
510	MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV IN SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:148 (abstract no. 510) Lobidel D, Wade CM, Rebus S, Brown AJ The discovery that HIV-1 sequences from IDUs of 2 different European countries form a single cluster distinct from those of gay men suggests that HIV-1 spread rapidly among these IDUS from a single point of entry. We are currently studying samples from other countries in Western Europe to attempt to identify the source of the epidemic among IDUs in Scotland and Ireland.
511	USE OF DRIED BLOOD SPOTS TO MONITOR HIV-1 GENETIC VARIATION IN ASIA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:148 (abstract no. 511) Cassol S, Weniger BG, Babu PG, Heng X, Htoon MT, Delaney A, Hou CY Subtype C is predominant throughout India; others have reported its spread to Malaysia and China. The E in Myanmar is consistent with its predominant role in the neighboring Thailand heterosexual epidemic. DBS are a practical, low-cost method for molecular epidemiologic surveillance to track the spread and extent of HIV-1 variants.
512	MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV IN MYANMAR AND VIETNAM. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:148 (abstract no. 512) Takebe Y, Kusagawa S, Sato H, Watanabe S, Taniguchi K, Thwe M, Kywe B, Hien N, Long HT We observed the clonal expansion of HIV-1 subtype BB and EA in Myanmar and Vietnam. In Vietnam, only subtypes EA was detected in both IDU and heterosexual population. This finding may suggest that the first introduced strains continue to predominate in the population ("founder effect") and might be unfavorable for the notion that biological differences between HIV-1 subtypes contribute to the segregation of subtypes in different risk populations that had been observed in Thailand.
513	HIV-1 SUBTYPE E IS PREDOMINANT IN SOUTH VIETNAM. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:148 (abstract no. 513) Menu E, Lien TTX, Lafon M-E, Lan NTH, Muller-Trutwin MC, Thuy NT, Deslandres A, Chaouat G, Trung DQ, Khiem HB, Fleury HJA, Barre-Sinoussi F A marked predominance of HIV-1 subtype E was found both in people infected by sexual routes and in drug abusers in Ho Chi Minh City and in five provinces of South Vietnam as well. Phylogenetic analysis of selected env sequences revealed that the Vietnamese subtype E is clustering with the Thai subtype E but not with the African subtype E.
514	ENVELOPE SEQUENCE DIVERSITY WITHIN HIV-1 GROUP O VARIANTS FROM EQUATORIAL GUINEA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:148 (abstract no. 514) Golden AM, Lund JK, Hunt JC, Vallari A, Hickman RK, Hampl H, Gurtler LG, Zekeng L, Kapte L, Devare SG Phylogenetic analysis (GeneWorks UPGMA) of the EG isolates indicate that though these viruses have diverged V3 loop sequences, they generally aligned more closely with ANT70 compared to other Group O sequences. The C2V3 region showed 51% heterogeneity within EG isolates. Whereas, comparison of all the seven V3 increased the heterogeneity to 83%. The region around IDR from these 4 EG sera exhibited 12% heterogeneity and inclusion of other three sequences increased the heterogeneity to 34%. These data demonstrate that the group O viruses have diverged extensively. Despite this heterogeneity, antibody in each EG serum directed against the IDR of Group O was detected using synthetic peptides comprising sequences from the ANT70 and MVP5180 IDRs, but could not be detected using the IDRs of HIV-1 Group M (subtype ,.B consensus) or HIV-2.
515	MIXED INFECTIONS WITH HIV-1 STRAINS OF DIFFERENT PHYLOGENETIC SUBTYPES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:148 (abstract no. 515) Pieniazek D, Janini ML, Ramos A, Bandea C, Soriano V, Downing R, Biryahwah0 B, Schochetman G, Iwyfield M Our data suggest that multiple infections with HIV-1 strains of distinct origin maybe more common than previously thought. Estimation of the incidence of such HIV-1 infections is crucial for both evaluating the pandemic and developing intervention strategies.
516	DIVERGENCE OF HIV-1 QUASISPECIES IN A SEXUAL PAIR INFECTED FROM THE SAME BLOOD DONOR SOURCE. LACK OF CONTINUOUS EXCHANGE OF VIRUS OVER TIME. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:149 (abstract no. 516) Diaz RS, Zhang LQ, Mosley J, Busch M, Mayer A HIV sequences in the two members of a sexual pair infected with the same viral strain showed independent divergence away from shared sequences. The absence of ongoing viral exchange between the sexual pair suggests the existence of a block to, or attenuation of, HIV superinfection in an already infected individual.
517	INVESTIGATION OF HIV VERTICAL TRANSMISSION BY HETERODUPLEX MOBILITY ASSAY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:149 (abstract no. 517) Srinivas RV, Holden WY, Su T, Flynn PM The results suggest that high levels of HIV quasispecies complexity in maternal specimens may be associated with an increased risk of vertical transmission.
518	MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF HIV-2 VARIANTS FROM AFRICA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:149 (abstract no. 518) Brennan CA, Yamaguchi J, Vallari A, Hickman RK, Devare SG This sequence is absolutely conserved among the currently known HIV-2 and related SIV viruses (1994 HIV database) as well. One subtype B and one subtype C sample have unique sequences, immediately adjacent to the IDR, that could be correlated with reduced serologic detection by an HIV-2 IDR specific monoclonal antibody. Early identification and molecular characterization of new variants is essential for efficient detection of all HIV infections by serological or genetic procedures.
519	IDENTIFICATION OF HIV-1 INFECTED PERSONS PRIOR TO SEROCONVERSION: CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND OUTCOME. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:149 (abstract no. 519) Phair J, Jacobson L, Margolick J, Giorgi J, Phillips J, Rinaldo C, Chu C, Henrard D If infection occurred uniformly across the 6 mo. interval, the number of SC observed with infection at the last SN is consistent with the expected one-sixth of the group having evidence of infection 4-6 weeks "pre-seroconversion". Evidence of infection was associated with decreased CD4 and increased CD8 cells. Symptoms associated with early infection did not predict a poorer prognosis.
520	A CLINICAL SYNDROME IS NOT A FEATURE OF PRIMARY HIV-1 INFECTION IN TRINIDAD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:149 (abstract no. 520) Cleghorn FR, Jack N, Edwards J, Murphy J, Greenberg M, O'Brien T, Weinhold K, Paul R, Mahabir B, Bartholomew C, Blattner W Ascertainment of primary HIV-1 by the presence of clinical symptoms in this population would dramatically underestimate occurrence.
521	RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN CHILDREN BORN TO HIV INFECTED MOTHERS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:150 (abstract no. 521) Kattan M Our findings indicate that pneumonia is common in HIV+ children in the first year of life. Chronic lung disease is not clinically evident but further follow-up is required to determine if the nodular radiographic changes in a small proportion of patients represent early PLH/LIP. HIV- children born to infected mothers do not appear to have more respiratory disease in the first year than might be expected in a normal population.
522	THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN: A RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:150 (abstract no. 522) Piancastelli J, Puga A, Gutierrez L, Daghistani D, Scott G Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of pediatric HIV infection and may be the presenting sign of HIV infection in young infants. Resolution of the thrombocytopenia occurred equally in the treated vs. untreated groups; consequently, defining specific mechanisms as well as identifying children who would receive greatest benefit from therapy is essential.
523	PEDIATRIC HIV INFECTION: CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN WITH A CD4+ LYMPHOCYTE COUNT < 50/μL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:150 (abstract no. 523) Frederick T, Tucker D, Jackson J Children with a CD4 < 50 represent a notable proportion of all HIV-infected and AIDS children. Those who enter medical care for HIV with AIDS fair significantly worse after the CD4 falls below 50 than those without. Early diagnosis of HIV and treatment to delay the onset of AIDS despite low CD4s can improve survival.
524	A DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY OF PEDIATRIC HIV-INFECTED LONG TERM SURVIVORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:150 (abstract no. 524) Nielsen K, Ammann AJ, Bryson Y, Frederick T, Grubman S, Hutto C, Martin N, McSherry G, Oleske J, Petru A, Wara D, Scott G 20% of HIV infected children had absolute CD4 counts ≥ 500 cells/mm� and no AIDS defining conditions being long term survivors nonprogressors. Pediatric long term survivors comprise a diverse population of children with varying stages of disease progression.
525	LONGTERM NONPROGRESSION AMONG A COHORT OF HIV-INFECTED HOMOSEXUAL MEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:150 (abstract no. 525) Strathdee SA, Craib KJ, Hogg RS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS, Schechter MT LTNP appears to be a rare phenomenon and may represent the tail end of a more or less continuous distribution of rates of disease progression, rather than a distinct subgroup. Even if all 14 men with unknown status were free of the specified HIV effects, then the maximal estimate for this favorable response would be 5%.
526	NON-PROGRESSION IN HIV+ WOMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:150 (abstract no. 526) Friedman TP, Flanigan J, Ku P, Greenough T, Mayer K, Stein M, Rich JD, Sullivan JL, Carpenter CC The prevalence of non-progression and viral suppression in HIV+ women followed for over six years is similar to that found in larger cohorts of men.
527	LONG TERM NON-PROGRESSIVE HIV INFECTION AT AN INNER CITY HOSPITAL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:151 (abstract no. 527) Waktola A, Toerner J, Espinoza AM, Timpone JG Long term non-progressive HIV infection can be identified in all populations of patients regardless of HIV risk group or access to medical care.
528	SEQUENTIAL DETERMINATION OF PLASMA HIV LOAD AND OF OTHER PROGNOSIS MARKERS IN LONG-TERM NON-PROGRESSORS: THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE PROGRESSION IS EXCEPTIONAL IN THIS POPULATION AFTER A DECADE OF INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:151 (abstract no. 528) Lefrere JJ, Morand-Joubert L, Mariotti M The population of individuals remaining symptomless and having a CD4 count stable over a decade is not virologically and immunologically homogeneous. The majority of individuals termed as long-term non-progressors has a detectable and increasing over time piasma viral load and present biological signs of progression towards AIDS.
529	A MODEL OF THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF VIRAL LOAD MEASUREMENTS IN ASYMPTOMATIC UNTREATED HIV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:151 (abstract no. 529) Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Lau J, Sacks HS, Skolnik PR Both the value of the viral load and the slope k were more important predictors of outcome than the time t. Viral load has prognostic value even if the time of seroconversion is unknown.
530	RAPID FATAL EVOLUTION OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN TWO AFRICAN PATIENTS (PTS) INFECTED WITH D OR E STRAINS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:151 (abstract no. 530) Lacassin F, Simon F, Longuet P, Leport C, Vilde JL, Brun-Venzinet F Thus, subtypes D and E caused a fulminant primary infection (duration 6 months) and a rapidly evolutive infection (maximal duration 3 years) despite zidovudine therapy in these two pts. Such clinical presentation which have been infrequently observed with subtypes B suggest a high virulence of D and E subtypes in these two African women living in France. Reporting of these unusual rapidly evolutive cases of HIV infection and subtyping of the causative strain might be epidemiologically relevant.
531	CLINICAL FEATURES OF HIV-1 GROUP O INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:151 (abstract no. 531) Saimot AG, Simon F, Bouchaud O, Brun-Vezinet F In this retrospective study the clinical and immunological course of HIV-1 group O infection was similar as that of group M infection. The close link between Cameroon and group O Infection is confirmed.
532	CHANGING TRENDS IN THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF HOSPITALIZED HIV+ PATIENTS IN THE LAST THREE YEARS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:151 (abstract no. 532) Hunter R, Velazquez M, Vila S, Rios E, Gomez MA These differences were consistently seen irrespective of CD4 profile. The mortality data bank reveals that HIV+ patients arriving to the institution for the first time in 1994 are more frequently dying (57.2%) as compared to those in 1992 and 1993 (37.5% and 39.7%). Patients are arriving with lower KPS and higher WRS and express a higher mortality.
533	AGE AND THE EXPRESSION OF HIV IN PUERTO RICO. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:152 (abstract no. 533) Hunter R, Velazquez M, Vila S, Cancel L, Gomez MA The presence of at least one hospitalization in the preceding six months was reported in 67% of the older group and in 59% and 49% in the younger groups. (p=.0375). The mortality profile of patients revealed that 13.1% of patients in the older group died as compared to 8% and 3% in the younger groups.
534	HIV/AIDS EPIDEMICS AND GENDER IN A PUERTO RICAN HEALTH REGION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:152 (abstract no. 534) Gomez MA, Velazquez M, Fernandez D, Hunter R Another quantitative clinical scale was created considering the number of AIDS related conditions reported : 19.3% of women reported to have at least one condition and 21.5% reported to have 3 or more conditions. Differences were also confirmed when controlling by CD4+ levels.
535	GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SURVIVAL IN A PUERTO RICAN HIV/AIDS POPULATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:152 (abstract no. 535) Gomez MA, Velazquez M, Vila S, Hunter R On average, men have a survival time of 29 months and a half as compared to 14 months and a half in women (p= 0.001; Cl's 6 to 24 months). This finding could not be explained by differences in antiretroviral treatment, differences on age at the start of the study, or CD4+ levels at the time of the study initiation. Using CD4+ levels as a marker of disease progression, men are not receiving health services sooner than women.
536	DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH CD4 < 200 WITH OR WITHOUT AN OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:152 (abstract no. 536) Rimland D, St John A, Thompson N Survival of patients from the time they develop CD4 < 200 is strongly influenced by the appearance of an 0I. This finding will need to be considered in assessing survival in future studies of the natural history and therapy of patients with AIDS.
537	SURVIVAL IN HIV-INFECTED WOMEN IN ATLANTA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:152 (abstract no. 537) Creagh T, Thompson M, Harmon M, Rimland D, Lennox J, Stetler H In our cohort, HIV+ women have similar prognoses when compared to men. Because low hematocrit is a known indicator of poor prognosis, and because women generally have lower hematocrits than men, models which do not control for hematocrit, and which do not consider a possible interaction between gender and hematocrit, may find spurious associations between female gender and prognosis.
538	EUTHANASIA AND PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE AMONG HOMOSEXUAL MEN WITH AIDS IN THE NETHERLANDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:152 (abstract no. 538) Bindels PJ, Krol A, Van Ameijden EJ, Mulder-Folkerts DK, Hoek JV, Van Griensven GJ, Coutinho RA MDEL occurs frequently among AIDS patients in the Netherlands in the terminal phase of the disease and only caused a limited decrease in overall survival.
539	MEDICAL EXAMINER'S AUTOPSY CASES-RESULTS FROM THE MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT STUDY(MACS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:153 (abstract no. 539) Ndimbie OK, Thackfray R, Vinters HV, Hutchins G, Nichols L, Variakojis D, Kingsley LA These data show that nearly half of all ME cases seen in the MACS deaths were either homicide or suicide, however HIV infection was not associated with any of these ME determined outcomes. Results highlight the similarity between the MACS ME cases and other U.S. age-matched ME study populations.
540	TEMPORAL TRENDS IN AUTOPSY RESULTS AMONG AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:153 (abstract no. 540) Goldberg RH, Wagner RP, Orenstein JM, Parenti DM, Kass ME, Ortega LG, Simon GL The incidence of KS was 11% in 1982-6 and 15% in 1991-4. In summary, autopsy findings revealed that multiple OIs infections continue to be observed in AIDS patients. With the exception of PCP and AIDS-related malignancies there has been little change in the relative frequencies of individual OIs at postmortem during the past decade.
541	FIVE YEARS EVOLUTION OF PLASMA HIV-1 BURDEN MEASURED BY 3 METHODOLOGIES FOR PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PROGRESSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:153 (abstract no. 541) Delamare C, Deveau C, Burgard M, Ramirez D, Ivanoff S, Carre N, Chaix ML, Rouzioux C The objective of the study was to assess the evolution of the HIV-1 viral burden in patients followed in the national cohort study SEROCO for more than 5 years. Ten non progressing patients (no decline of CD4 cells between 24 and 60 months of follow-up) were matched with 10 progressing patients (decline of CD4 cells :
542	MULTICENTER COMPARISON OF THREE COMMERCIAL METHODS FOR PLASMA HIV-1 RNA QUANTIFICATION USING SPIKED HUMAN PLASMA AND CLINICAL PLASMA SAMPLES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:153 (abstract no. 542) Schuurman R Results obtained with each of the assays are of equal reliability .Main differences between consist of differences in the dynamic range, lower and upper quantitation limits, sample volume and sample throughput per run. Depending on the research question the most appropriate assay can be selected.
543	INTRA-SHIPMENT REPRODUCIBILITY OF HIV-1 WESTERN BLOT RESULTS REPORTED IN TEN SHIPMENT PERIODS BY LABORATORIES PARTICIPATING IN THE CDC MPEP. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:154 (abstract no. 543) Blumer SO, Schalla WO, Fehd RJ In each shipment containing duplicated HIV-1 Ab-negative samples. 1.4% to 9.9% of the reproducible WB interpretations reported were incorrect. i.e. reported as WB indeterminate or reactive interpretations. Similarly, for the duplicated HIV-1 Ab-weak positive samples in the ten shipment periods, the percent of imprecision ranged from 0.4% to 7.5%.
544	DURATION OF THE ANTIBODY POSITIVE/ ANTIGEN POSITIVE PHASE OF HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:154 (abstract no. 544) Schuette K, Fairweather G, Wiesner D Based on the grand mean of the minimum and maximum estimates, the typical length of the Ab+/Ag+ phase can be estimated at approximately 15 days. Based on the lowest maximum estimate and the highest minimum estimate, the duration range of the phase is at least 8 to 27 days.
545	A RAPID AND SIMPLE EXTRACTION METHOD FOR HIV-1 PLASMA RNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:154 (abstract no. 545) Mulder J, Resnick R, Herman S, Payne H, Harrigan R, Kwok This method has been tested on both HIV-1 viral dilution panels and clinical specimens and has demonstrated recovery of > 90% of the virions. The equivalent of as much as 400 pl plasma can be amplified, resulting in an analytical sensitivity approaching 20 copies/ml.
546	ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCURACY OF COMMERCIAL HIV-1 RNA ASSAYS TO QUANTIFY AFRICAN VIRUSES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:154 (abstract no. 546) Burgard M, Chaix ML, Delamare C, Ivanoff S, Manigard O, Rouzioux C Quantification of viral load in patients infected with "Non B" HIV-1 viruses seems to be much more accurate when using the BDNA assay.
547	DETECTION OF HIV-1 GROUP M AND O VIRUS-WITH A SINGLE PCR PRIMER/PROBE SET. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:154 (abstract no. 547) Respess R, Butcher A, Wang H, Chaowanachan T, Young N, Shaffer N, Mastro T, Biryahwaho B, Downing R, Tanuri A, Schechter M, Pascy R, Zekeng L, Kaptue L, Gurtler L, Ellenberger D, Fridland C, Rayfield M, Kwok S While more testing is needed to verify these results, our findings continue to support the new primer/probe set can detect both HIV-1 group M and the more divergent group O viruses.
548	DETECTION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ON SERIALLY COLLECTED DRIED BLOOD SPOT SPECIMENS FROM INFANTS BY DNA PCR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:154 (abstract no. 548) Comeau A, Pitt J, Hillyer G, Landesman S, Bremer J, Chang B, Lew J, Moye J, Grady G, McIntosh K These advantages include a lower volume of blood required for testing, relative safety in handling of DBS samples, and ease of storage and transportation of DBS specimens. DBS PCR is potentially a very useful test for the epidemiologic surveillance of infants at risk for HIV infection and for the large HIV transmission studies that are presently needed and are being planned for in developing countries.
549	DEVELOPMENT OF A QUANTITATIVE PCR ASSAY FOR HIV-1 USING A BIOLUMINESCENT DETECTION SYSTEM IN AN ELISA-PLATE FORMAT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:155 (abstract no. 549) Guenthner PC, Hart CE This assay can be carried out on materials from a broad range of sources, such as plasma tissue extractions, cultured cells, and genomic DNA. Current tests of the assay include quantitation of viral RNA in plasma and in cervical/vaginal lavage, and of proviral DNA in paraffin tissue sections. The assay was not inhibited by any of these source materials.
550	VARIATION IN ESTIMATES OF HIV-1 PLASMA RNA CONCENTRATION AMONG LABORATORIES AND ASSAY KITS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:155 (abstract no. 550) Brambilla D, Yen-Lieberman B, Jackson B, Bremer J, Coombs R, Lin HJ, Katzenstein D, Palumbo P, Rasheed S, Reichelderfer P The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) has undertaken a preliminary evaluation of the variation in estimates of plasma HIV-1 RNA among laboratories and among three commercially available kits for the quantitation of HIV-1 plasma RNA (Roche - Amplicor; Chiron - bDNA 1.0; Organon Teknika - NASBA) .
551	QUANTITATION OF HIV-1 IN PATIENTS' PLASMA USING Q-NASBA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:155 (abstract no. 551) Jiang MK, Taschner JJ, Highbarger HC, Metcalf JA, Lane HC, Dewar RL Additional data are being accumulated from samples tested for virus using a more sensitive bDNA assay. Both Q-NASBA and bDNA can be used to monitor changes in HIV-1 levels in plasma in response to therapy. Q-NASBA maybe more useful when sample volumes and/or virus levels are low.
552	RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) USING THE DIGENE HYBRID CAPTURE SYSTEM: A COMPARISON WITH TISSUE CULTURE AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:155 (abstract no. 552) Isada C, Kohn D, Lazar JG, Lorincz AT, Salim H, Yen-Lieberman B The Digene HC System is a rapid and accurate assay for detecting CMV. When compared with TC, the sensitivity is 88% and specificity is 100%.
553	THE IMPACT OF INITIATION OR CHANGE IN ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ON HIV PLASMA RNA LOAD AS MEASURED BY BDNA ASSAY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:155 (abstract no. 553) Follansbee SE†, Mitchell TF†, Charlebois E†, Child C†, Pell P†, Chernoff D†, Abrams DI† Of those responding to initiation or change in ARVT, significant viral load reduction occured at week 1. Pts with CD4 < 50/mm�, often excluded from ARV trials empirically, experienced similar reductions in HIV copy number to pts with higher CD4 counts following changes in antiretroviral therapy.
554	LYMPHOCYTE SUBSET ANALYSIS ON FROZEN WHOLE BLOOD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:155 (abstract no. 554) Hirschkorn D, Johnson DK, Fiebig E, Knape CC, Webster HK, Busch MP Ability to accurately enumerate lymphocyte subsets on frozen whole blood by combining fresh cell counts with immuno-phenotyping on frozen samples should facilitate: 1) cost-effective batch testing, 2) analysis of frozen repository samples, and 3) testing of serial samples in the same run, thereby diminishing run-to-run variability and allowing detection of small changes in subset markers for monitoring disease progression and effects of therapy. See original to view figure.
555	STANDARDIZED FLOW CYTOMETRY BASED ASSAY FOR HCMV ANTIVIRAL SUSCEPTIBILITY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:156 (abstract no. 555) McSharry J, Lurain N, Manischewitz J, Nokta M, Weinberg A These results are in good agreement with the IC₅₀ of the AD169, D6/3/1,and XbaF strains of HCMV obtained by the standard plaque reduction assay which takes approximately 14 days. The flow cytometric assay is rapid, taking only three to four days to complete, the data is collected mechanically as opposed to manual enumeration of stained foci using a microscope, and the assay is easily reproduced among laboratories. This assay should be useful for determining the sensitivity or resistance of HCMV to antiviral compounds that block viral DNA synthesis.
556	PERFORMANCE OF A RAPID HIV ANTIBODY ASSAY IN A HOSPITAL WITH HIGH HIV PREVALENCE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:156 (abstract no. 556) Irwin KL, Olivo N, Schable C, Weber JT, Janssen R, Ernst J This rapid, on-site HIV screening test has excellent sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV overall and in subgroups in whom performance of standard assays has not been optimal,i.e., persons who are foreign-born, have injected drugs, or have reactive syphilis serology. Technician inexperience in reading indistinct reaction end points may explain better specificity among later vs. early enrollees. Rapid assays can enhance HIV prevention programs in hospitals and other settings where return rates for posttest counseling are low.
557	RESPONSE TO ANTI-CMV TREATMENT IN PERSONS WITH AIDS AND CORRELATION TO CMV DNA LEVELS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:156 (abstract no. 557) Moe AA, Miller MJ, Tufail, Bruckner DA, Wagar EA, Hardy WD Diagene Hybrid Capture System has potential for evaluating response to therapy in AIDS and CMV disease.
558	HIGH LEVELS OF HIV-1 P24 ANTIGEN DETECTED IN HIV-1/2 558 EIA REACTIVE/WESTERN BLOT NEGATIVE SERA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:156 (abstract no. 558) Myers RA, Patel JD, Joseph JM These cases illustrate the importance of incorporating HIV-1 p24 antigen assays in testing algorithms to detect acute HIV-I infections when using Screening assays that have been proven to be more sensitive in detecting HIV-1 antibodies earlier in the course of HIV seroconversion than conventional W-l western blot confirmation assays.
559	VALIDATION OF A QUANTITATIVE RNA PCR ASSAY FOR HIV-1 IN HUMAN PLASMA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:156 (abstract no. 559) Wathen LK, Crampton DJ, Patel RK, Nuorala KW, Poppe SM, Dueweke TJ, Re KA, Krieger S, Tarpley WG The assay has been shown to correlate well with the Roche Biomedical RNA PCR assay (r²=.869) using samples from 20 patients at 6 timepoints. The high precision and reproducibility of this quantitative RNA PCR assay provide an enhanced means of evaluating therapeutic drug regimens for HIV-1.
560	WESTERN BLOTS IN CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:156 (abstract no. 560) Rodriguez GE, Moncure CW, Hart M, Lavoie S Infected children showed a correlation with their mothers vs non-relative females, and males suggesting genetic control of the response.
561	ASSESSMENT OF VIRAL BURDEN USING PBMC CULTURE AND HIV-1 PROVIRAL DNA QUANTITATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:157 (abstract no. 561) Izopet J, Tamalet C, Sandres K, Mansuy JM, Cazabat M, Dubois M, Bicart-See A, Marchou B, Massip P, Puel J 1) PBMC quantitative culture and HIV-1 proviral DNA quantitation were well correlated before treatment. 2) After initiating therapy with nucleoside analogs a marked decrease in cell-associated infectious virus contrasted with little change in HIV-1 proviral DNA levels.
562	IDENTIFICATION OF HIV(-) NEONATES BORN TO INFECTED MOTHERS TREATED WITH ZIDOVUDINE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:157 (abstract no. 562) Hard RC Jr, Bagwell CE, Hart M, Rodriguez G, Shapiro JH, Salzberg A, Sonnino RE These studies suggest that tests on lymph node cells may permit the early accurate identification of HIV(-) and HIV(+) neonates born to infected mothers.
563	CHARACTERIZATION OF LABORATORY PRACTICE IN CD4+ T-CELL TESTING LABORATORIES BY ON-SITE OBSERVATION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:157 (abstract no. 563) Taylor RN, Cross GD, Schalla WO, Siragijsa M The pilot study provided extensive descriptive information about the participating laboratories and a proven survey instrument with recommended guidelines for implementation of a national survey. Since 31 of the laboratories in this study also participated in a recent CD4+ T-cell proficiency testing/accreditation study, the survey data permitted correlation analyses between laboratory practice and performance.
564	C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) VERSUS ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR) AS INDICATORS OF ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN FEBRILE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY- VIRUS (HIV)-INFECTED CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:157 (abstract no. 564) Heaton S, Janutunen M, Lipton JF The ESR appears to remain elevated in HIV-infected children regardless of the clinical illness being of bacterial or viral origin. The CRP corresponds to the presence of bacterial infection. We suggest that the CRP can serve as a screening test in HIV-infected children, thus reducing hospitalizations and/or unnecessary antibiotic treatment. Clearly, this is a preliminary study and larger number of patients need to be evaluated.
565	MECHANISM FOR RESISTANCE OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM TO FLUCONAZOLE. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:157 (abstract no. 565) Wheat J, Vanden Bossche H, Marichal P These findings indicate that H. capssulatum may develop resistance to fluconazole and suggest that its 14 α-demethylase and/or ketosteroid reductase changed fluconazole treatment. Patients receiving fluconazole for histoplasmosis are at risk for failure because of development of resistance.
566	Prevalence of fluconazole resistance in oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV infected patients using chromogenic media. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:158 (abstract no. 566) Revankar SG, Kirkpatrick WR, Mcatee RK, Dib OP, Fothergill AW, Redding SW, McGough DA, Rinaldi MG, Patterson TF Fluconazole resistance in oropharyngeal candidiasis is becoming a serious concern. Microbiological fluconazole resistance has been relatively uncommon in C. albicans. Some non-albicans yeasts have been noted to have higher rates of resistance, including T. glabrata and C.krusei, which are increasingly isolated.
567	THE EFFECT OF DAILY (D) VERSUS WEEKLY (W) FLUCONAZOLE (FZ) PROPHYLAXIS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ORAL CANDIDA ISOLATES IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:158 (abstract no. 567) Haubrich R, Havlir D, Torriani F, Parenti D, Forthal D, Witt M, Bozzette S, Dunne M, McCutchan JA Treatment with either daily or weekly fluconazole reduced oropharyngeal candida colonization but the reduction was not significant in the weekly group. Although the FZ sensitivity of C.albicans strains appeared not to change, the proportion of non-albicans isolates at 6 months was higher.
568	A DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED STUDY OF WEEKLY VERSUS DAILY FLUCONAZOLE(FLU) FOR THE PREVENTION OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN AIDS 568 PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:158 (abstract no. 568) Havlir DV, Bozzette SA, McCutchan JA, Dunne M Weekly fluconazole (400 mg) appears to provide similarly effective prophylaxis for deep fungal infections as the standard regimen (200 mg daily) employing 3.5 times as much drug (1400 mg weekly), but is less effective in suppressing thrush.
569	TREATMENT OF OROPHARYGEAL CANDIDIASIS (OPC) RESISTANT TO FLUCONAZOLE (F) WITH ESCALATING DOSES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:158 (abstract no. 569) Pagani JL, Chave JP, Iten A, Durussel C, Bille J, Glause MP No significative adverse events were observed except one episode of skin allergy (°). The ttt of OPC resistant to F is possible with higher daily dose of F, but is followed by early relapse.
570	PENETRATION OF FLUCONAZOLE INTO CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF HIGH DOSES TO AIDS PATIENTS WITH CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:158 (abstract no. 570) Gatti G, Menichetti F, Tosti A, Marroni M, Miletich F, Travaini S, Pauluzzi S, Bassetti D Concentrations of F increased linearly and significantly with respect to the administered dose (serum: p = 0.006, CSF: p = 0.003, Kruskal - Wallis). Our study provides a pharmacokinetic base to the possibility of administering F at high doses to AIDS pts with cryptococcal meningitis.
571	COMPARISON OF FUNGIZONE (D-AMB) DISSOLVED IN GLUCOSE OR INTRALIPID FOR THE TREATMENT OF AIDS-ASSOCIATED CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:158 (abstract no. 571) Joly V, Aubry P, Ndayiragide A, Carriere I, Kawa E, Mlika-Cabanne N, Aboulker JP, Coulaud JP, Larouze B, Yeni P Our results show that Intralipid reduced the infusion related-toxicity of d-ArnB without altering its antifungal efficacy, but did not confer a protection against renal toxicity that would allow the unitary dosage of d-AmB to be increased safely.
572	EFFICIENCY OF SULFONAMIDES ALONE IN PROPHYLAXIS FOR PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:159 (abstract no. 572) Hughes WT, Killmar J P. carinii infection was prevented in all (100%) of animals receiving doses as little as 1.0 mg per kg per day of sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine and sulfadimethoxine; as little as 10 mg per kg per day of sulfameter,sulfachlorpyridazine and sulfaquinoxaline and doses of 100 mg per kg per day for sulfaguandidine and sulfanilamide. These studies suggest a sulfonamide, such as sulfamethoxazole, might provide effective prophylaxis for P. carinii pneumonitis without trimethoprim.
573	A DOSE-RESPONSE META-ANALYSIS OF PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PROPHYLAXIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:159 (abstract no. 573) Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Skolnik PR, Lau J, Sacks HS There are few data on low-dose regimens in secondary prophylaxis. AP is inadequate for toxoplasmosis prevention and strategies which improve the tolerance of oral regimens may increase effectiveness in preventing toxoplasmosis. as most cases occur when oral therapy has been discontinued.
574	PHARMACOKINETICS OF DAILY AND WEEKLY DAPSONE IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:159 (abstract no. 574) Mirochnick M, Cooper E, McIntosh K For the entire group, t 1/2 averaged 21.4 hours (range: 5.4-46.9), compared to average adult t l/2 of 30 hours (range: 13-83), suggesting that children eliminate D faster than adults. Children receiving chronic 2 mg/kg daily doses or 4 mg/kg weekly doses achienved peak D swum cone equivalent to those seen in adults with chronic daily 100 mg doses:therefore these doses seem appropriate for children receiving D for PCP prophylaxis.
575	ESTIMATING THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ATOVAQUONE VERSUS INTRAVENOUS PENTAMIDINE IN THE TREATMENT OF MILD- TO MODERATE-PCP PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:159 (abstract no. 575) Zarkin G, Bala M, Wood L, Bennett C, Simpson K, Dohn M The total expected cost of treating a patient with atovaquone is $3,990 compared to $5,665 for pentamidine under the baseline scenario. The decision model provides insights into the large cost-savings associated with treating mild to moderate PCP on an outpatient basis.
576	DETERMINATION OF PYRIMETHAMINE SERUM LEVELS IN A PRIMARY PROPHYLAXIS TRIAL FOR TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALITIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:159 (abstract no. 576) Leport C, Chene G, Farinotti R, Ecobichon J-L, Petavin G, Sagardoy G, Morlat P, Hafner R, Luft B, Salamon R, Vilde J-L These observations show that the proportion of non compliant pts in the trial was acceptable, and similar in the two groups. Owing to the highly variable half-life of Pyr. in HIV pts, they suggest that the dose of 50 mg thrice weekly might have been insufficient to prevent TE in some pts. Whether the dose of Pyr. should be adjusted in each individual pt to achieve serum levels > 0.5 mg/1 for efficient primary prophylaxis of TE is questionable.
577	EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC REGULATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALITIS IN AIDS PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:160 (abstract no. 577) Suzuki Y, Wong SY, Grumet FC, Fessel J, Montoya JG, Zolopa AR, Portmore A, Schumacher-Perdreau F, Schrappe M, Koppen S, Ruf B, Brown BW, Remington JS These HLA and disease associations indicate that development of TE in AIDS patients is affected by a gene or genes in the HLA complex, and that HLA-DQ typing may help in decisions regarding TE prophylaxis when the patients suffer severe side effects of the drugs.
578	CLARITHROMYCIN + MINOCYCLINE AS A TREATMENT FOR CEREBRAL TOXOPLASMOSIS (CT) IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS (PTS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:160 (abstract no. 578) Rabaud CH, Arniel C, Maignan M, Hoen B, May TH, Canton PH Clarithromycin associated with minocycline appeared to be an effective alternative therapy of CT in HIV-infected pts when used after intolerance to standard treatment.
579	MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF MICROSPORIDIAL OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:160 (abstract no. 579) Pieniazek NJ, da Silva AJ, Slemenda SB, Visvesvara GS To improve clinical diagnosis of microsporidia, we developed species-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) primers targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA coding region. These primers were successfully used for sensitive, detection of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, E. hellem,Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Septata intestinalis in biopsies, stools,urine sediments, and duodenal aspirates.
580	DETECTION AND SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIA IN DUODENAL BIOPSIES FROM HIV INFECTED PATIENTS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND SOUTHERN BLOT ANALYSIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:160 (abstract no. 580) David F, Schuitema AR, Sarfati C, Liguory O, Hartskeerl RA, Derouin F, Modai J, Molina JM These results suggest that PCR associated with SB is suitable for routine diagnosis and species identification of intestinal microsporidian infections in HIV infected patients.
581	HIGH LEVELS OF SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS WITH VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:160 (abstract no. 581) Bonnet E, Benezech P, Receo P, Massip P, Auvergnat JC Although S IL-2 R demonstrated a poor specificity for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infectedpatients in this study, we found that all HIV-infected patients with evolutive visceral leishmaniais exhibited high levels of S IL-2 R.
L1	HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITORS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:166 (abstract no. L1) Al Emini E The genetic basis of reduced susceptibility has been extensively studied as has the potential for cross resistance among the available inhibitors. The understanding derived from these studies has important implications for the appropriate clinical use of protease inhibitors, particularly with regard to potentially forestalling the development of resistance.
L2	MAC: PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:166 (abstract no. L2) Benson CA MAC disease should be treated with at least two drugs. Clarithromycin (CLA) or azithromycin are active primary drugs; ethambutol (EMB) added to CLA appears to delay the emergence of resistance. CLA regimens are superior to non-macrolide regimens, clofazimine appears to have minimal effect, and rifabutin, when added to CLA and EMB may enhance their efficacy. A response can be expected within 2-6 weeks. Relapse is common; the most effective salvage therapy or the role of immunomodulators is unclear.
L3	MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:166 (abstract no. L3) Hahn RH AEGIS, HIV Infections, HIV-1, HIV-2, Epidemiology, Molecular, HIV Seropositivity, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Variation (Genetics), Recombination, Genetic, Greece, Human, genetics, AIDS
L4	WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT AIDS VACCINES FROM ANIMAL MODELS? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:166 (abstract no. L4) Stott J Live attenuated SIV induces the most potent protection yet observed in the macaque model. Animals infected with attenuated viruses resist infection by high doses of unattenuated virus and there is cross protection against antigenically distinct strains of virus. Furthermore, the animals resist infection following inoculation with viable SIV infected spleen cells. Live attenuated retroviruses are unlikely to be used in a human population as a vaccine against AIDS. Nevertheless, in the SIV macaque systems these viruses provide a unique resource with which to study mechanisms of protection against lentivirus infection.
L5	Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:167 (abstract no. L5) Abstract: Not submitted.
L6	KAPOSI'S SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS(KSHV/HHV8). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:167 (abstract no. L6) Moore PS Multiple independent studies have found KSHV in nearly all KS tissues examined to date, including AIDS-KS, classical KS, African endemic KS and post-transplant KS lesions. The virus can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AIDS patients prior to onset of KS and serologic studies suggest that AIDS-KS patients have high specific immunofluorescence antibody titers against KSHV which are not present among HIV patients without KS. These studies strongly suggest that KSHV/HHV8 is central to the pathogenisis of KS and possibly other AIDS-related lymphoproliferative disorders. Whether or not this herpesvirus, like most human herpesviruses, is ubiquitous among humans remains to be determined.
L7	HIV IN WOMEN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:167 (abstract no. L7) Watts DH HIV can be detected from the genital tract in approximately one third of seropositve women, but the relationship of HIV in the genital tract to gynecological complications has not been well studied. Contraceptive options will also be discussed. Complete care of the HIV-positive women must include complete gynecological assessment and care.
L8	PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN RETROVIRAL AND HOST GENE PRODUCTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:167 (abstract no. L8) Goff SP, Luban J, Kalpana G, Alin K Similarly, a single host protein, dubbed hSnf5 or Ini-1, was found to interact with the HIV-1 integrase. Ini-1 stimulates IN function in vitro, and may serve to target incoming viral DNA to selected regions of the host genome. These studies provide new assays for antiviral drugs, and serve to identify new potential points for intervention.
L9	RESISTANCE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:168 (abstract no. L9) Richman DD Examples of each of these effects have been Documented in clinical trials. An additional strategy to contend with anti-viral drug resistance is convergent therapy which directs at least two drugs against the same target, like reverse transcriptase or protease. Many interactions of such mutations have been documented and the ultimate success of therapy with protease inhibitors may utilize two compounds which select for incompatible resistance mutations.
L10	THE ROLE OF VPR IN HIV INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:168 (abstract no. L10) Kmerman M Thus HIV-1 encodes a protein which can decouple S phase from mitosis in human cells. We will show data that suggest that one role of Vpr is to maximize viral production by manipulation of the cell cycle in the face of cytolysis in vivo.
L11	IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:168 (abstract no. L11) Lederman MM The immunorestorative activity of "immune activating" cytokines and the feasibility of immune restoration with ex-vivo expanded lymphoid populations of progenitor cells rendered "resistant" to HIV-1 by introduction of viral resistance constructs is under study. Immune based therapeutic trials may provide novel means of therapy for HIV-1 infection and also can compliment basic research by testing hyotheses of AIDS pathogenesis.
L12	TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND CELL CYCLE REGULATION AFTER HTLV-1 INFECTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:168 (abstract no. L12) Yoshida M However, we observed highly frequent and random mutations of the viral genome within individuals with HAM/TSP. Stable phenotype of the genome under the highly frequent mutations in vivo will be discussed.
L13	Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:167 (abstract no. L13) Abstract: Not submitted.
L14	TARGETING INTERVENTION STRATEGIES. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:169 (abstract no. L14) Gayle H Targeting prevention efforts to populations with high incidence of HIV/AIDS, such as homosexual and bisexual men, injecting drug users, and heterosexuals with high races of sexually transmitted diseases, could significantly reduce the numbers of new HIV infections and provide need support for maintenance of behavior changes. Effective interventions targeted to high risk populations can be highly cost-effective.
L15	PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV: PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:169 (abstract no. L15) Bryson YJ These studies suggest that early intervention during primary infection in the infant to reduce virus replication may potentially alter long term outcome by preserving the immune system during a period of maturation.
LB1	MATERNAL PLASMA HIV-1 RNA AND THE SUCCESS OF ZIDOVUDINE (ZDV) IN THE PREVENTION OF MOTHER-CHILD TRANSMISSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:161 (abstract no. LB1) Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs R, Todd J, McSherry G, Connor EM, Balsley J; Mt. Sinai Medical Center, NY, NY. (1) RNA was associated with transmission risk. (2) In both groups, transmission occurred across the entire range of RNA levels. (3) Reduction in RNA level may only explain part of the treatment effect.
LB2	LACK OF A MATERNAL VIRAL THRESHOLD FOR VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:161 (abstract no. LB2) Koup RA, Yunzhen C, Ho DD, Krogstad PA, Chen IS, Korber BT, Wolinsky SM, Mullins J, Walker BD, Ammann A The predictive value of a woman with a single plasma virus load greater than 50,000 copies/ml at any time point during pregnancy of transmitting was 40%, while the predictive value of not having a plasma load greater than 50,000 copies/ml for non-transmission was 89% as compared to the non-transmission rate of 86% in the absence of any test. Maternal viral load is a poor predictor of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-l.
LB3	ASSESSMENT OF MATERNAL PLASMA HIV VIRAL LOAD AS A CORRELATE OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:161 (abstract no. LB3) Burchett SK, Kornegay J, Pitt J, Landesman S, Rosenblatt H, Hillyer G, Garcia P, Kalish L, Burns D, Davenney K, Lew J ZDV naïve transmitters tended to have higher RNA copy no. than non-transmitters. Mothers of infants with an early positive culture tended to have higher RNA copy no. than those of late positive infants. Lack of transmission was associated with a low/undetectable maternal RNA, but an absolute correlation with rate of transmission was not seen.
LB4	A RANDOMIZED, COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF ZDV VERSUS ZDV PLUS DDI VERSUS ZDV PLUS DDC IN PERSONS WITH CD4 CELL COUNTS OF < 200/mm�. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:161 (abstract no. LB4) Saravolatz L, Collins G, Hodges J, Winslow D The study closed to followup on November 30, 1995 and is currently under analysis. Difference in treatment arms have been analyzed and detailed results will be reported. The study has important implications for patient management.
LB5a	FURTHER RESULTS FROM EUROPEAN/AUSTRALIAN DELTA TRIAL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:161 (abstract no. LB5a) Gazzard B All three regimens were reasonably well tolerated. In both Delta 1 and 2, nausea and vomiting were more common in the AZT/ddI and AZT/ddI placebo groups. Peripheral neuropathy and mouth ulcers were more common in the AZT/ddC group. The International Co-ordinating Committee is grateful to all participants, clinicians and their teams and to everyone else who contributed to Delta.
LB5b	HIV VIRAL LOAD CHANGES IN DELTA PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:162 (abstract no. LB5b) Brun-Vezinet F Of the 230 patients, 85 had been randomised to Zidovudine (AZT) monotherapy, 73 to AZT + didanosine (ddl) and 72 to AZT + Zalcitabine(ddC). At baseline, the virology subset patients had a mean and a median CD4 cell count of 210 [IQR: 123-280]; 52% were asymptomatic, 31% had ARC and 17% AIDS. Quantitative cellular and plasma viremia were positive in 91% and 61.6% of the patients respectively. Changes in quantitative cultures and RNA viral load will be reported.
LB5c	HIV-1 GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC RESISTANCE IN DELTA PATIENTS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:162 (abstract no. LB5c) Loveday C Genotypic and phenotypic resistance were analysed in the virology subset of 173 Delta 1 AZT-na�ve patients at baseline, 24, 48, 80 and 112 weeks after commencing therapy (AZT alone, AZT plus ddI or AZT plus ddC). Using the point mutation assay (PMA) genotypic changes were investigated at codons 41, 67, 70, 215, 219 (AZT), 65, 69,74,75 and 184 (ddC/ddI).
LB6a	PROLONGATION OF LIFE AND PREVENTION OF AIDS IN ADVANCED HIV IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH RITONAVIR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1; 3rd:162 (abstract no. LB6a) Cameron B, Heath-Chiozzi M, Kravcik S, Mills R,