Important note: Information in this article was accurate in 1991. The state of the art may have changed since the publication date.
CONSERVED AND DIVERGENT FEATURES OF HUMAN AND SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES
AIDS Vaccine Research and Clinical Trials. Putney SD and Bolognesi DP, eds. New York, Marcel Dekker, p. 107-19, 1990.. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE ICDB/91676944 Franchini G; Wong-Staal F; Lab. of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI, Bethesda, MD
Abstract:
The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) has been isolated from captive rhesus macaques with clinical signs of immunodeficiency and chronic degenerative brain disorders resembling human AIDS. Experimental inoculation of SIV in macaques induces immunodeficiency at high frequency, providing an excellent animal model to study pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of AIDS. HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV share common biological features: (1) their host range appears to be restricted to cells expressing the CD4 antigen, which is probably an essential component of the virus receptor and (2) they exert a cytopathic effect on some cell types, not necessarily the same for each virus, either by inducing fusion of the infected cells or by direct killing of the cells through an unknown mechanism. Genetic similarities and differences of these viruses that are potentially significant to their biological effects in vitro and in vivo are discussed, with particular reference to the authors' own work. Topics include accessory genes of human and monkey immunodeficiency viruses, mapping the functional sites in the envelope genes of HIV and SIV, and SIV and HIV-2 infection of rhesus macaque as an animal model for vaccine studies. Other than man, HIV-1 appears to infect only chimpanzees and gibbons. SIVs and HIV-2, in contrast, readily infect the lower primates. Inoculation of monkeys with HIV-2 has been performed only recently, so the available data are insufficient to evaluate the in vivo pathogenesis of this virus in animals. Since the biological behavior, the genomic complexity, and the target cell specificity of HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains are similar, in vivo studies with HIV-2 elucidate the host virus interaction as well as the role of different genes in maintaining HIV-1 infection in man. Studies on the genetic variability of HIV-1 in a single infected human did not evaluate precisely the extent of variability within a single provirus because viral strains contain intrastrain variants that prevail at different times during the infection. Infecting animals with a single viral genotype will provide more precise information in this regard and allow a better understanding of the biological meaning and the immunologic consequences of the rate of variability in viral RNA in vivo. (44 Refs)
Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence/GENETICS Animal Cell Transformation, Viral/*GENETICS Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral/*GENETICS Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/*PHYSIOLOGY Human HIV Antigens/GENETICS HIV-1/*GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY HIV-2/*GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY Macaca mulatta Molecular Sequence Data Proviruses/GENETICS SIV/*GENETICS Viral Vaccines MONOGRAPH REVIEW 912130
M91C4097
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Important note: Information in this article was accurate in 1991. The state of the art may have changed since the publication date.
